2 - UNICELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

• What is the scientific name for Baker's yeast?

  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• What type of organism is Baker's yeast?

  Unicellular fungi
• What is the primary component of yeast cell walls?

  Chitin
• What is Congo red used for?

  To highlight yeast cells and processes
• What does methylene blue identify in yeast cells?

  Living vs. dead yeast cells
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Regulates entry and exit of molecules
• What is a solvent?

  Substance that dissolves solutes
• What is a solute?

  Dissolved substance in a solution
• What is passive transport?

  Movement of molecules without energy input
• What is simple diffusion?

  Net movement from high to low concentration
• What is a concentration gradient?

  Unequal distribution of molecules across space
• What is dynamic equilibrium?

  Uniform distribution with no net movement
• What are transport proteins?

  Membrane proteins aiding in diffusion
• What do channel proteins do?

  Form pores for water and small ions
• What do carrier proteins do?

  Bind and change shape to transport molecules
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water from low to high solute concentration
• What is a hypotonic solution?

  Lower solute concentration than another solution
• What happens in an isotonic solution?

  No net water movement occurs
• What is a hypertonic solution?

  Higher solute concentration than another solution
• What is active transport?

  Movement against concentration gradient using energy
• What is a pump in cellular transport?

  Membrane protein that moves molecules using energy
• What is primary active transport?

  Direct use of ATP to move substances
• What is the sodium-potassium pump?

  Exchanges sodium and potassium ions using ATP
• What is secondary active transport?

  Uses energy from an ion gradient
• What is antiport transport?

  Transports two substances in opposite directions
• What is symport transport?

  Transports two substances in the same direction
• What is vesicle transport?

  Movement of large molecules using vesicles
• What is endocytosis?

  Process of engulfing substances into the cell
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing large particles or cells
• What is pinocytosis?

  Engulfing fluids
• What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

  Specific uptake using membrane receptors
• What is exocytosis?

  Vesicles release contents outside the cell
• What is constitutive exocytosis?

  Continuous release of molecules
• What is regulated exocytosis?

  Release triggered by extracellular signals
• What is lysosomal exocytosis?

  Vesicles fuse with lysosomes before releasing
• What is budding in yeast reproduction?

  Asexual reproduction by outgrowth from parent
• What is fermentation?

  Anaerobic process converting sugars to energy
• What is a facultative anaerobe?

  Organism using aerobic respiration or fermentation
• What is an obligate aerobe?

  Organism requiring oxygen for growth
• What is the Embden–Meyerhof glycolysis pathway?

  Main pathway for glucose breakdown to produce ATP