LESSON 7

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cheese

Cards (55)

Principle of Context 
knowledge management deems it necessary to analyze the meaning of the word knowledge fromdifferent perspectives
-> learning depends largely on thesettingparticularly including the use ofmaterials
Context, Focus, Socialization, Individualization, Sequence, Evaluation 
what are the 6 principles underlying effective instruction?
1. text book only
2. text book + supplementary materials
3. Non academic materials
4. Multisensory aids
5. Demonstration by experts
6. Field experiences
Leus (2005), said that the principles of context are categorized into six levels:
Level 1: Textbook only 
A level of the Principle of Context
- predominantly verbal
- limited verbal responses
- no problem solving experience
- lacks dynamic appeal
information 
a collection of data is not. . .?
knowledge 
a collection of information is not. . .?
wisdom 
a collection of knowledge is not. . .?
Level 2: Text book with supplementary materials 
A level of the principle of context
- Wider in context
- More readings of expository
- Advocates more extensive reading
Level 3: Non-academic and current materials 
A level of the principle of context
- Concrete, specific, actual, and immediate
- Reality vs theories
- leads to extensive discussion
Level 4: Multisensory aids (audio, visual) 
A level of the principle of context

- Effective when used as aid in learning
- Related to contemplated learning
- Ineffective if learner is passive
Level 5: Demonstration by experts 
A level of the principle of context

- Concrete setting
- Learning beyond classroom setting
Level 6: Field experiences, personal, social, and community understanding 
A level of the principle of context

- Concrete, abundant, dynamic, readily apprehended setting for learning
- Goes beyond verbalization
- Concrete and firsthand experiences
Principle of Focus 
instruction can be effective if there is a definite area of concentration --> instruction must be organized about a focus or direction

has 3 levels
Level 1: page assignment in a textbook 
A level of the principle of focus

established by:
- Uniform structure
- Learning without unity
- Memorization
Level 2: announced topic together + page or chapter references 
A level of the principle of focus

established by:
- insight and understanding
- varied learning pattern
Level 3: broad concept or problem to be solved or a skill to be acquired to carry on understanding 
A level of the principle of focus

established by:
- Directed at mental processes of learner
- more varied learning
- flexible
- acquisition of more facts and information
Principle of Socialization 
Classroom learning is a socio-cultural phenomenon that encompasses ways of thinking, interacting, and problem solving

instruction depends upon the social setting in which it is done

has 3 levels
Level 1: submission 
A level of Principle of Socialization

- Rudimentary level of socialization
- No group function
- Teacher controlled
Level 2: contribution 
A level of Principle of Socialization

- Sympathetic and positive discipline
- Freedom
- Lacks authority
Level 3: Cooperation 
A level of Principle of Socialization

- Goes beyond friendliness and sympathy
- Teacher is an organizer
- Positive team spirit
Principle of Individualization 
instruction must progress in terms of thelearners own purposes, aptitudes, abilities and experimental procedures
Individualization Application 
- different performance in uniform tasks
- homogeneous grouping
- contract plan
- individual instruction
- large units w/ optional related activities
- individual undertakings stemming from and joint undertaking
Principle of Sequence 
a process of information; instruction depends on effective ordering of a series of learning tasks
emergence of meaning 
from meaningless into. . .?
remote 
from immediate into. . .?
symbolic 
from concrete into. . .?
crude 
from discriminating into. . .?
Sequence 
- a logical succession of blocks of contents by intros, previews, review
- knitting learning/lessons together by intro, previews, reviews
- readiness
- emerging meaning
readiness 
if the teacher is able to order or set the particular learning task according to the ________ of the learners to understand or assimilate whatever material is to be given to them
emerging meanings 
planning a specific learning task that will depend on the ability of the learners to give meaning to specific situations, deduce impressions from whatever is read to think of possibilities as an end result of doing the activity
Principle of Evaluation 
necessary to determine whether objectives of instruction have been carried out and learning or understanding of lesson has taken place, scales of application:

direct results only, related to objectives and processes, total learning process
Diagnostic, Formative, Summative 
types of evaluation
Diagnostic Evaluation 
evaluation done at the beginning of a unit or course to determine the different levels to where the students can be grouped whether shlow, average or fast
Formative evaluation 
intended to improve delivery of instruction in the classroom (quality control); focuses on what the teacher does in the course of their teaching and what he is to do

determines deficiencies in process of instruction so that it can be fixed
Summative Evaluation 
summing all pertinent data related to the individual performance of the learners; final ratings of students will quantify how much learning is achieved to merit a promotion
Homogeneous 
learners are classified/grouped in terms of similar elements such as age, abilities, interests, physical characteristics etc
Heterogeneous 
no definite basis for clustering or classifying learners together, could be on random sampling, alphabetized family names, time of enrollment etc.
Non-Graded 
no fixed grade/level assignment of children. They come to center of learning by small groups or individually depending on their pacing in the accomplishment of tasks
Teaching Model 
a term used by Bruce, Joyce to describe an over all approach or plan for instruction. Attributes:

- coherent theoretical framework
- orientation toward what student should learn
- specific teaching procedures
Principle 
means a general or fundamental law, doctrine or assumption

- source
- rule or code of conduct