Animals Test - Respiratory & Digestive

• Macromolecules


  Lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  • Sugars
  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
  • Disaccharides (2 sugars)
  • Complex carbs (hundreds of sugar molecules)
• Lipids (fat)


  Store 2x as much energy as carbs
• Proteins


  Made up of amino acids, have many functions in the body
• Nucleic acids

  Contain genetic information, DNA & RNA code to build proteins
• Enzymes

  Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reaction, aid in the digestive process, usually end in "ase"
• Vitamins & Minerals


  • Needed but can usually be consumed through a healthy, balanced diet
• Water


  Has several roles in the body
• Types of eaters


  • Filter feeders (sea sponges)
  • Substrate feeders (caterpillars)
  • Fluid feeders (butterflies)
  • Bulk feeders (humans)
• Food processing


  1. Ingestion

  2. Digestion

  3. Absorption

  4. Egestion / Elimination
• Alimentary canal/Digestive tract


  • Food moves only in 1 direction
  • Certain areas can be specialized
  • If no teeth, organism will have a gizzard
• Types of digestion


  • Mechanical (physical, e.g. chewing)
  • Chemical (use of enzymes)
• Length of digestive tract

  • Herbivores (long)
  • Carnivores (short)
  • Omnivores (medium)
• Respiratory system


  Main function is to obtain O2 and expel CO2
• Steps of respiration

  1. Breathing (air in & out of lungs)

  2. Internal respiration (O2 moves from lungs to blood, CO2 moves from blood to lungs)

  3. External respiration (O2 moves from blood to cells, CO2 moves from cells to blood)

  4. Cellular respiration (cells use O2 to break down glucose to produce ATP)
• Respiratory surface


  • Must be kept moist to allow for diffusion of gases
  • Surface area must be large enough to meet the demands of the organism
• Diaphragm


  • Muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
  • When it contracts, it becomes flatter, increasing space within thoracic cavity
• Intercostal muscles


  • Between ribs, lift ribs out & up when contracted, increasing space within thoracic cavity
• Thoracic cavity pressure


  • Decreases when ribs and diaphragm contract, causing air to move into lungs
  • Increases when ribs and diaphragm relax, causing air to move out of lungs
• Able to diagram the frame of the respiratory system
• Know the path of air flow: nose/mouth -> pharynx -> glottis -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli (into lungs)
• Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleural membrane
• Why do herbivores have long digestive tracts?

  Because it takes longer for the cellulose to be digested