BIOLOGY

• What do all cells have?

  Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
• What do only plant and algal cells have?

  A Cellulose Cell Wall (sometimes Chloroplasts and a Vacuole)
• What do Eukaryotic Cells have?

  Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Genetic Material enclosed in a nucleus,
• What are Prokaryotic Cells?

  Cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. Genetic Material is not in a nucleus, but in a single DNA loop. May also contain plasmids. E.g. Bacteria
• What is Diffusion?


  Diffusion is the spreading out of particles of any substance in a solution or gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• What is Osmosis?


  The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solute solution through a partially permeable membrane.
• What is Active Transport?

  The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. This uses energy from food in respiration.
• What is a tissue?

  A group of cells with a similar structure and function
• What is an organ?


  A collection of tissues performing a specific function.
• What is the Benedict's test for sugars?

  They turn blue Benedict's solution brick red on heating
• What is the ethanol test for lipids?

  Ethanol will go milky white in the presence of lipids.
• What is the Biuret test for Protein?

  Biuret turns from blue to purple in the presence of proteins.
• What do Carbohydrases break down?

  Carbohydrates to simple sugars.
• What do Proteases break down?

  Proteins to Amino Acids
• What do Lipases break down?

  Lipids to Fatty Acids and Glycerol
• What is the function of Bile?

  Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder and neutralises acid and emulsifies fats.
• What is Plasma?


  Plasma has blood cells suspended in it and transports proteins and chemicals around the body.
• What is Haemoglobin?


  It binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissues.
• What do white blood cells do?

  Protect against infection?
• What are platelets?


  Cell fragments that start the clotting process at wounds.
• What are the capillaries there for?

  Substances diffuse in and out of the blood
• What kind of circulatory system do humans have?

  A double circulatory system
• What do stents do?

  Keep narrowed or blocked arteries open.
• What do statins do?

  Reduce cholesterol levels reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
• What is the resting heart rate controlled by?

  A group of cells in the right atrium form a natural pacemaker.
• What are artificial pacemakers used for?

  They're used to correct irregularities in the heart rhythm.
• What are artificial hearts used for?

  Keep patients alive while they wait for a transplant or to allow their own heart to rest.
• What do the alveoli do?

  Provide a large surface area and a rich supply of blood capillaries, so gas can diffuse efficiently.
• What does xylem tissue do?

  Transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves.
• What does phloem do?

  Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
• What is transpiration?


  Loss of water vapour from the leaves through the stomata (open for carbon dioxide for photosynthesis). Guard cells control this.
• What are communicable diseases caused by?

  Pathogens (microorganisms) which include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists.
• How do Bacteria make you feel ill

  Produce toxins
• How do viruses make you ill?

  Live and reproduce inside your cells, causing cell damage
• Name four ways in which the spread of disease can be prevented

  Simple Hygiene, Destroying Vectors, Vaccination and Isolation
• Measles Virus


  Droplet infection.

  Causes fever and a rash

  Isolation and Vaccination
• HIV


  Flu-like illness

  Attacks body's immune cells

  AIDS occurs when the system become so damaged it can't deal with cancers or infections/
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus


  Spread by contact and vectors

  Damages leaves, reduces photosynthesis. No treatment.

  Spread controlled by field hygiene and pest control.
• Rose Black Spot


  Spread by wind and water.

  Damages leaves so they drop off, affecting photosynthesis.

  Spread controlled by removing affected leaves and chemical sprays.
• Malaria


  Parasitic Protists spread by female mosquitos.

  Damages blood and liver cells, causes fever and shaking.

  Prevent vectors from breeding, mosquito nets.