Unit 3

• Metallic bonding


  Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and sea of delocalized electrons
• Delocalised (electrons)


  Electrons that are not associated with any single atom
• Reactivity Series


  A list of metals in order of their reactivity (most reactive to least reactive)
• Reduction


  The gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction
• Oxidation


  The loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction
• OILRIG


  Oxidation Is Loss of electrons

  Reduction Is Gain of electrons
• REDOX


  Electron transfer between reactants, electrons are lost by one reactant and gained by another
• Reducing agent


  The reactant that donates electrons (and becomes oxidised)
• Oxidising agent


  The reactant that accepts electrons (and become reduced)
• Ion-electron equation


  Equation that show the loss or gain of electrons, that can be combing to describe a REDOX reaction
• Extraction (of metals)


  The purification of metal atoms from metal ores. This involves the reduction of metal ions to produce metal atoms
• Electrolysis


  Method used to extract very reactive metals from metal ores
• D.C. Supply


  Direct current used to purify metals by electrolysis
• Negative electrode


  Electrode where positive metal ions gain electrons during electrolysis
• Positive electrode


  Electrode where negative ions lose electrons during electrolysis
• Electrochemical cell


  A device that generates electricity from the transfer of electrons from one metal to another metal
• Electrolyte


  An ionic compound that conducts an electric current when molten or dissolved
• Half cell


  A metal that is immersed in a solution of its own metal ion
• Ion (or salt) bridge

  An electrolyte that can be used to complete an electrical circuit when two different half cells are connected
• Electrochemical Series


  A list of metals (and H) in order of their ability to lose electrons to form ions.
• Polymer


  A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
• Monomer


  A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
• Addition polymerisation


  The process in which unsaturated monomers add to form a very long saturated polymer molecular chain
• Repeating unit


  Shortest section of a polymer chain
• Fertilisers


  Chemicals added to soil to provide the nutrients needed for plant growth.
• Ammonia


  Compound used to produce soluble, nitrogen-containing salts that can be used as fertilisers
• Nitric Acid


  Compound use to produce soluble, nitrogen-containing salts that can be use as fertilsers
• Haber Process


  An industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the present of an iron catalyst
• Ostwald Process


  Uses ammonia, oxygen and water to produce nitric acid. A platinum catalyst is used in this process.
• Radioactive Decay


  A spontaneous process involves changes in the nuclei of atoms. Unstable nuclei (radioisotopes) can become more stable nuclei by giving out alpha, beta or gamma radiation.
• Alpha Particle


  A cluster of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from a nucleus. They have a range of only a few centimetres in air and are stopped by a piece of paper. They will be attracted towards a negatively charged plate.
• Beta Particle


  Electrons ejected from the nucleus of an atom. They are able to travel over a metre in air but can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium. These particles will be attracted towards a positively charged plate.
• Gamma Rays


  Electromagnetic waves emitted from within the nucleus of an atom. They are able to travel great distances in air. They can be stopped by barriers made of materials such as lead or concrete. They are not deflected by an electric field.
• Nuclear Equation


  Equation that shows the atomic number and mass number of the particles involved when nuclear radiation occurs.
• Half Life


  Time for half of the nuclei of a particular isotope to decay
• Metallic bonding 


  Metallic bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and delocalised electrons
• Reduction


  A gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction
• Oxidation


  A loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction