3 DOMAIN SYSTEM

• The 5 kingdom system was made by Robert H. Whittaker
• The 5 kingdom systems comprised of the following kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
• Prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane, while eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane
• Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes
• Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, while eukaryotes divide by mitosis and meiosis
• Prokaryotes have one size of ribosomes, while eukaryotes have smaller ones located at the chloroplast and mitochondria and larger ones in the cytoplasm
• prokaryotes contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall, while eukaryote contain either chitin or cellulose
• Prokaryotes do not have chloroplast and mitochondria, while eukaryotes have them
• Prokaryotes have a simple flagella, while eukaryotes have complex flagella with 9+2 rows of microtubules
• The 3 Domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
• The 3 Domain System was made by Carl Woese
• The basis for the separation of the 3 domains are the following:

  • they have differences in their sequences of their nucleotides in their rRNA
  • they have differences in their cell membrane structure
  • they have differences in their sensitivity to antibiotics
• The prokaryotic ribosome's size is 70S
• The prokaryotic ribosomal large subunit has a size of 50S
• The 50S large subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome is comprised of 5S and 23S
• The prokaryotic ribosomal small subunit has a size of 30S, which is comprised of 16S
• The eukaryotic ribosome has a size of 80S
• The eukaryotic ribosomal large subunit has a size of 60S
• The 60S large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome is comprised of 5S, 5.8S, and 28S
• The eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit has a size of 40S, which is comprised of 18S
• Similarities and dissimilarities in rRNA nucleotide sequences are good indications of relationships among organisms
• Archaea have ether-linked methyl-branched, isopropanoid alcohols to glycerol
• Bacteria and Eukarya have ester-linked fatty acids to glycerol
• Pseudomurein - component of the archaea cell wall
• Ether bonds are chemically more resistant than ester bonds
• The glycerol stoichiometry of archaea is L-Glycerol
• The glycerol stoichiometry of bacteria and eukaryotic is D-Glycerol
• Archaeal Phospholipid

  1. isoprene side-chains
  2. ether bonds
  3. L-glycerol
  4. monolayer
  5. phosphate
• Bacterial or Eukaryotic Phospholipid

  1. fatty acid chains
  2. ester bonds
  3. D-Glycerol
  4. bilayer
  5. phosphate
• Archaeal RNA Polymerase is not sensitive to the antibiotic rifampicin
• Archaeal RNA Polymerase resembles the Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II
• Archaeal ribosomes are not sensitive to the antibiotics erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline
• Bacteria have no histones, have one origin or replication, and have a circular chromosome
• Archaea have histones, have one origin of replication, and have a circular chromosome
• Eukaryotes have histones, multiple origins of replication, and linear chromosome
• Bacteria and archaea have only one type of RNA Polymerase
• Archaeal and Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase have 10-12 subunits
• Bacterial RNA Polymerase have 4-5 subunits
• Eukaryotes have three types of RNA Polymerase
• RNA Polymerase II - RNA polymerase common to Archaea and Eukarya