cardiovascular

• blood


  • A type of connective tissue
  • Sticky
  • Heavier than water
  • O2 content determines the color
  • Temp slightly higher than the rest of the body
• Blood volume


  • Males: 5-6 L
  • Females: 4-5 L
• O2 level high


  Blood brightens
• O2 level low


  Blood pales
• Anemia


  Hemoglobin decreased
• Erythrocytosis


  Red blood cells increased
• Leukocytosis


  White blood cells increased
• Albumin decreased


  Oncotic pressure decreased
• Oncotic pressure decreased


  Edema
• Plasma


  • 55% of total blood
  • Pale, yellow liquid that surround cells
  • 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% others

  
• Plasma proteins


  • Albumin - 58% of the plasma proteins, helps maintain water balance
  • Globulins - 38% of plasma proteins, helps immune system
  • Fibrinogen - 4% of plasma proteins, aids in clot formation
• Formed elements


  • 45% of total blood
  • Cells and cell fragments
  • Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes

  
• Erythrocytes


  • Life span: 120 days
  • Function: transport of O2 to tissues
  • Disk-shaped with thick edges
  • Nucleus is lost during development
• Hemolysis


  Occurs when red blood cells rupture and the hemoglobin is released into the plasma
• Hemoglobin


  • Main component of RBCs
  • Each globulin is attached to a heme molecule
  • O2 binds to iron
  • Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin with an O2 attached & responsible for the red color of RBCs
• Production of Erythrocytes


  1. Decreased blood O2 levels cause kidneys to increase production of erythropoietin

  2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes

  3. Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in blood O2 levels
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

  Impaired kidneys -> decreased erythropoietin -> decreased RBCs (bone marrow) -> Anemia
• Leukocytes


  • Lack hemoglobin
  • Larger than RBCs
  • Contain a nucleus
  • Functions: Fight infections, Remove dead and debris
• Types of Leukocytes


  • Granulocytes - contain granules (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
  • Agranulocytes - no granules (Monocytes, Lymphocytes)
• Neutrophils


  • Most common
  • Remain blood for 10-12 hrs then move to tissues
  • Phagocytes
• Eosinophils


  • Reduce inflammation
  • Defense against parasitic worms
• Basophils


  • Least common
  • Release histamine and heparin
• Monocytes


  • Largest WBCs
  • Produce macrophages
  • Macrophages migrate through various tissues, where they phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris
• Lymphocytes


  • Several different types (T-cells and B-cells)
  • Lead to production of antibodies
• Thrombocytes


  • Small fragment of cells
  • Life span: 5-9 days
  • Important in preventing blood loss: Forms platelet plugs, Promotes the formation and contraction of clots
• Hematopoiesis


  • Production of blood cells
  • In an infant, occurs in liver, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
  • In adults, occurs mainly in red bone marrow
  • Stem cell: original cell line
• ABO Blood Groups


  A, B, AB, O
• Rhesus (Rh) Blood Groups

  Positive, Negative
• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

  • More common in Rh+
  • Rh incompatibility between mother (Rh-) and baby (Rh+)
  • Mother forms antibodies against the baby, treats the baby as a foreign object
  • Rhogam injection at 28 weeks to prevent breakdown of RBCs and jaundice
• Heart


  Functions: Generating blood pressure, Routing blood, Ensuring one-way blood flow, Regulating blood supply
• Heart Characteristics


  • Shape: blunt cone
  • Size: size of a closed fist, weighs <1 lb.
  • Location: between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
  • Orientation: apex (bottom) towards left side
• Layers of the Heart Wall

  • Epicardium - surface of the heart (outside)
  • Myocardium - thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium - smooth inner surface
• Four Chambers of the Heart

  Right atrium, Left atrium, Right ventricle, Left ventricle
• Atria


  • Upper portion
  • Holding chambers
  • Small, thin walled
  • Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
  • Interatrial septum - separates right and left atria
• Ventricles


  • Lower portion
  • Pumping chambers
  • Thick, strong walled
  • Contract forcefully to propel blood out of the heart
  • Interventricular septum - separates right and left ventricles
• Heart Valves


  • Structures that ensure one way blood flow
  • Atrioventricular Valves: Tricuspid valve (RA & RV), Bicuspid/mitral valve (LA & LV)
• Emuscle


  inside E
• Four chambers of the heart

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
• Atria


  • Upper portion
  • Holding chambers
  • Small, thin walled
  • Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
  • Interatrial septum- separates right and left atria

  
• Ventricles


  • Lower portion
  • Pumping chambers
  • Thick, strong walled
  • Contract forcefully to propel blood out of the heart
  • Interventricular septum- separates right and left atria