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• biomass - Energy harnessed from organic matter either through decomposition or through active burning.
• Nuclear energy - is harnessed by splitting the nuclei (fission) of the atoms in radioactive elements either through neutron bombardment or through spontaneous decay.
• Natural gas - is another form of fossil fuel found in sedimentary basins.
• Petroleum - is mined at sedimentary basins whose conditions enable the fossil fuel to exist in liquid form. When refined,
• intrusive igneous rock -When magma solidifies within the crust, without erupting to the surface, it is an intrusive igneous rock, also called plutonic rock
• When magma rises all the way through the crust to erupt onto the Earth ‘surface, it forms extrusive igneous rock, also called volcanic rock
• Mud cracks - are irregular polygonal cracks that form when mud shrinks as it dries.
• Ripple marks - are small, nearly parallel ridges and troughs that are also formed in sand and mud by moving water or wind.
• Cross-bedding - forms in many environments where wind or water transports and deposits sediment.
• Burial metamorphism - results from burial of rocks in a sedimentary basin
• Foliation – a rock texture that looks like leaves of a book.
• Contact Metamorphism - This occurs where hot magma intrudes cooler rock of any type. This process commonly occurs without deformation
• Regional Dynamothermal Metamorphism - This occurs where major crustal movements build mountains and deform rocks. The term dynamothermal simply indicated that the rocks are being deformed and heated at the same time.
• Shale - is the most abundant type of sedimentary rock and consists of clay minerals, quartz, and feldspar.
• Hydrothermal metamorphism - occurs when hot water and ions dissolved in the hot water react with a rock to change its chemical composition and minerals.
• Quartz - is a compound called silicon dioxide found in abundance on Earth’s crust and is the principal component of sand.
• Augite - is a member of the pyroxene group of simple silicates, in which the SiO4 tetrahedra are linked by sharing two (2) of their four corners to form continuous chains.
• Calcite - is the only common non-silicate rock forming mineral, being instead calcium carbonate.
• Apatite - is a phosphate mineral (and is the most abundant phosphorous-bearing mineral).
• Biotite - \is a member of the mica group of silicates (sheet silicates), like chlorite and muscovite. It occurs in more geological environments than any of the other micas.
• Garnet - is a more complex orthosilicate. is commonly found in highly metamorphosed rocks and in some igneous rocks. They form under the same high temperatures and / or pressures that form those types of rocks.
• Diamond - is the hardest naturally occurring mineral, topping Mohs' Scale of Hardness with a relative hardness value of 10.
• Fluorite - is frequently fluorescent, i.e. it will glow under ultra-violet light.
• Corundum - is the second hardest natural mineral known to science (1/4 the hardness of diamond). Gem varieties are sapphire and ruby
• Chlorite - is a member of the mica group of minerals (sheet silicates), like biotite and muscovite. It is widespread in low grade metamorphic rocks such as slate and schist, in sedimentary rocks, and as a weathering product of any rocks that are low in silica
• Topaz - is a common gem stone