In/Vertebrate Chordates

• Agnathans- jawless fish
• Subphylum Vertebrata Clade Petromyzontidae - lamprey
• Subphylum Vertebrata Clade Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes - rays/sharks
• Subphylum Vertebrata Clade Gnathostomata Class Actinopterygii - Bony Fish
• Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia Order Anura - frog
• Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia Order Urodela - salamanders
• cutaneous respiration- breathe through the skin
• Amplexus- the mating position of frogs and toads, in which the male clasps the female about the back
• chromatophores- pigment is held here in the frog's skin
• Sacral hump- the large, dorsal hump at the pelvic girdle caused by the sacral vertebrae of the pelvis
• Tympanic membrane- large circular disc prosterior to the eye, acts as the eardrum
• Nictitating membrane- eyelid that allows them to bulge outward
• frog's red blood cells have a nucleus
• Cloaca- posterior end of the frog
• Calf muscle of the frog is the gastrocnemius
• glottis- longitudinal slit leading to the pharynx
• Frog Leg Muscle Anatomy

  A) Triceps femoris

  B) Gastrocnemius

  C) Gracilis Major + Minor

  D) Sartorius

  E) Adductor Muscles

  
• Frog skeleton

  A) Ilium

  B) Urostyle

  C) Ischium

  D) Femur

  E) humerus

  F) Ulna

  G) Tibiofibula

  
• Frog Skin

  A) Poison Gland

  B) Chromatophores

  C) Mucus Glands

  
• Columella - contributes to hearing  a thin, bony structures in the interior of the skull and serve the purpose of transmitting sounds from the eardrum.
• Scapula- acts as the pectoral girdle