psychotherapy exam 3

• How do mindfulness and contemplative theories view identity?

  illusionistic, impermanent, imprecise
• pre-personal/pre-conventional stage


  Stage 1: begins at birth, no coherent sense of self or social convention, but develops as we grow and our identity forms
• personal/conventional


  Stage 2: We begin to adopt expectations of our culture and act like everyone else, we shouldn’t stay this way, heard mentality
• Transpersonal/post-conventional stage


  Stage 3(final): new level of consciousness, laser focus and sound logic, wisdom, change in motivation that transcends the self, more altruistic, we wake up
• metamotives


  Motives that transcend ourselves and influence the world around us, what we want to achieve and the effect we want to have
• Hedonic Treadmill


  The situation in which we feel unhappy so we look for a quick fix that will make us feel better but only makes us feel worse in the end so we keep doing it over and over
• Delusion


  Unrecognized Mental Dullness, Mindlessness, not "awake"
• Craving


  Things that are wants become so strong that they turn into needs
• Aversion


  We avoid difficult/challenging things so we stay the same
• iron chains


  Our addictions to things, bad habits
• Golden Chains


  Things we think we need to do for the greater good, our duties that keep us down
• The good news in mindfulness therapy is that we can train and develop our minds beyond conventional levels
• the bad news in mindfulness therapy is our ordinary state of mind leads to suffering so we have to work
• The goals of mindfulness and contemplative therapies is to

  • Rigorous scrutiny of perceptual- cognitive processes
  • Awaken from the waking dream
  • Recognize and reduce distortions
  • Improve concentration, perceptual clarity, insight, compassion
• Meditative therapy stage 1


  Recognize lack of control
• Mediative therapies stage 2

  Recognize patterns
• Meditative therapies stage 3

  refined awareness brings insight
• Meditative therapies stage 4

  exceptional abilities emerge
• meditative therapies stage 5


  transpersonal experiences emerge
• Meditative therapies stage 6

  Stabilization, maintaining balance with our new insight
• We can train our attention through:

  • making our perception more sensitive and accurate
  • empathy
  • introspection
  • refining awareness
  • Example: doing one thing at a time
• We can develop our wisdom through:

  • More Deep understanding
  • better Practical skill
  • Example: examining regrets
• Mindfulness and contemplative therapies are good for people with anxiety, stress, and depression
• Methods of mindfulness and contemplative therapies include:

  • training ethics
  • redirecting motivation
  • emotional transformation
  • refining awareness
  • Training our attention
  • Wisdom
• refined awareness is achieved through meditative practice
• In behavior therapy, the way we act and react is dictated by the variables in our environment

  If someone is displaying maladaptive behavior it may be due to distress caused by the environment
• Operant conditioning is when the environment is changed to increase or decrease the presence of a behavior
• Classical conditioning is when a previously neutral stimuli causes a conditioned response due to repeated pairing of stimuli
• The goal of behavior therapy is to change behavior by ending a maladaptive behavior or introducing adaptive learning
• Discrimination learning is learning that remains contact specific, behavior stays in one environment/context and is not generalized to multiple situations
• generalization is behavior is expressed in many contexts, not just the one where is was learned
• Vicarious/observational learning is when positive/negative punishment/reinforcement does not need to happen to you, watching it happen to someone else can also effect behavior
• rule-governed/instructional is when the existence/knowledge of rules dictates behavior even if you have never seen it carried out in front of you(which would be vicarious/observational learning)
• Reinforcement is the action of reinforcing/encouraging/perpetuating a behavior
• punishment is the action or process of stoping a behavior by causing pain or loss of pleasure
• punishment is not a impactful as reinforcement, effect doesn’t last as long and is broken easier
• Stimulus control is removing the stimuli from the situation completely
• exposure therapy is used to unpair conditioned stimulus and conditioned response so that conditioned stimulus will no longer elicit the conditioned response
• adaptive behavior covers undesired response to conditioned stimuli it with a different behavior(adaptED behavior)
• behavior therapists must be heavily trusted by patients(treatment can be distressing) but also teach patients to be independent(their own therapist)