Gensoc

• Gender Identity


  Who we, in our heads, know ourselves to be, based on what we understand to be the options for gender, and how much we align (or don't align) with one of those options. Gender identity is our psychological sense of gender.
• Attraction


  The different ways we feel pulled to other people, often categorized based on our gender and the gender of those we feel drawn to. This categorization is referred to as sexual orientation.
• Sex


  Referring to anatomical sex, refers to the physical makeup of our bodies, and specifically all the body parts we've named as sex characteristics -- both the primary traits we're born with and the secondary ones that we might develop later in life.
• Gender Expression


  All the different ways we present ourselves through our actions, our clothing, and our demeanor, and the gendered ways those presentations are socially interpreted.
• Type of sexes


  • Male
  • Female
  • Intersex (DSD)
• Difference of Sexual Development (DSD)

  A group of conditions where the biological sex (being male or female) of a baby does not match the genital appearance. It is used to describe chromosomes, anatomy, or sex characteristics that can't be categorized as exclusively male or female. Reproductive organs (called gonads) typically develop into either testicles or ovaries.
• Female Sex Characteristics


  • Primary: Vagina, uterus, & ovaries
  • Secondary: Enlargement of breasts, menstrual cycle, widening of hips, enlargement of buttocks, and growth of pubic hair
• Male Sex Characteristics


  • Primary: Penis, testes or testicles, scrotum, and prostate gland
  • Secondary: Testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of facial, pubic and other body hair, and deepening of voice
• Female Reproductive System


  Includes two ovaries, the fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and clitoris.
• Male Reproductive System


  Includes penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis.
• Intersex


  A general term used for a variety of situations in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the boxes of "female" or "male".
• Gender


  Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender-diverse people.
• "MEN ARE BREADWINNERS" and "WOMEN ARE CARE GIVERS" - gender limits the potential of both men and women.
• In the dominant (lowland Christian) Philippine society, women suffer more problems and limitations than men; they are in Simone de Beauvoir's words, "the second sex".
• Gender subordination


  The secondary position of women vis-à-vis men in society.
• Male dominance


  The position of men.
• The roots of gender subordination are difficult to trace. We can only guess at the relationship between women and men in pre-historic communities, and much of the written history already presupposes the subordinate position of women.
• Recognition of the different roles played by males and females in biological reproduction becomes the basis for sexual division of labor.
• In the sixteenth century, merchant capitalism in Europe spawned a lust for new territories and the subjugation of the new people whose produce and labor could be appropriated for the new benefit of merchant and their kings.
• The missionaries transplanted Roman Catholicism, with its misogyny.
• Native women who had been active in the pre-colonial religions became avid recruits and supporters of Catholicism, embracing with enthusiasm the new role that circumscribed for them.
• European gender ideology found its most avid adherent in the native elite that emerged in the nineteenth century. This elite drew from the ownership or control of land cultivated by small tenants – a system similar to European feudalism.
• American colonization, though repressive in fact, brought a more liberal ideology.
• The first wave of women's agitation for equality came with the Suffragists from the United States, fighting for women's right.
• The working woman was still expected to be the loving and dutiful wife at home.
• The individualistic rebellion of white women in films was seen as a corrupt influence, and Filipino films not otherwise famous for their nationalistic sentiments portrayed the "good," domesticated, long-suffering traditional Filipino woman as continually winning her man from the "bad" Westernized vamp.
• The period of formal independence continued many of the trends begun under direct United States rule, including the integration of the Philippines into US capitalism and its military support system.
• The sexual objectification of women worsened, as the tourism program in 1972 – part of the industrialized countries' foreign-exchange-dependent development plans for underdeveloped countries –expanded the market for prostituted women to foreign tourists and businessmen.
• Gender socialization


  The process by which we learn our culture's gender-related rules, norms, and expectations.
• Children can discern male voices from female voices at six months old and they can differentiate between men and women in photographs at nine months old. They have also begun to learn their culture's gender norms, including which toys, activities, behaviors, and attitudes are associated.
• Children's knowledge of gender roles and stereotypes can impact their attitudes towards their own and other genders. Gender reaches its peak between the ages of 5 and 7 and then becomes more flexible.
• Agents of gender socialization

  Any person or group that plays a role in the childhood gender socialization process.
• Agents of gender socialization

  • Parents
  • Teachers
  • Peers
  • Media
• Child-Rearing Process


  The series of processes that enables children to identify which gender their parents think they should belong to, and to acquire the corresponding behavior and roles. This includes manipulation, canalization, activity exposure, and verbal appellation.
• Institutions of Mass Socialization


  Those that aim to ensure that the whole group of people consent to and fit into the existing social order, playing an important role in promoting the dominant gender ideology and inequality.
• Institutions of Mass Socialization

  • Formal Education
  • Mass Media
  • Religion
  • Language
• Filipino girls and women have consistently lower repetition and dropout rates than their male counterparts and are half as likely to fail in formal education.
• Studies found that most of the news contained in newspaper was about men, and women, when they did appear, particularly in tabloids targeting the working class, were often victims of rape or sexual molestation.
• Gender is central to most religious orders, though some emphasize cooperation and respect for women over hierarchy.
• Language


  The most subtle and pervasive institution of socialization, as a primary mediator in our relationship with the world. Sexist language is a powerful tool for the maintenance of gender ideology.