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Topic 8
Gel electrophresis
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Genetic fingerprinting
Examination of
VNTRs
(variable number tandem repeats) in the
introns
of human DNA
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95
% or more of human DNA are
introns
(non-coding regions)
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VNTRs
Long sequences of
DNA bases
that repeat over and over, but don't
code
for anything
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The probability of two individuals having the same VNTRs is incredibly
low
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The
more
closely related you are to someone, the
more
similar their VNTRs are
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Genetic fingerprinting process
1.
Collection
and
extraction
2.
Digestion
3.
Separation
(
gel electrophoresis
)
4.
Hybridization
5.
Development
6.
Analysis
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Restriction endonucleases
Enzymes that cut
DNA
just before and after
VNTRs
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Gel electrophoresis
1.
DNA
samples pipetted into wells in agar gel
2.
Electrical voltage
applied, causing negatively charged DNA to move towards
positive
end
3.
Smaller
VNTRs move
faster
through gel
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DNA probes
Short, single-stranded pieces of DNA designed to be
complementary
to VNTRs, and labelled with
radioactive
or fluorescent chemicals
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Developing the gel
1.
DNA
with attached probes transferred to
nylon
sheet
2. Exposed to X-rays (
radioactive
probes) or UV light (fluorescent probes) to visualise
VNTRs
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Marker
DNA
sample with VNTRs of known lengths, used as a
reference
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Applications of genetic fingerprinting
Forensic
science (placing suspects at crime scenes)
Paternity
testing
Medical
diagnosis
Animal and plant
breeding
programs
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Genetic fingerprinting
is used to reduce the risk of passing on
harmful
genetic conditions
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