Developmental psychology

• 01:07 16 Mis Pet
• CHIS Physical and Cognitive Dev...| CH14 Sociol
• CHIN Social and Emotio...
• Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of Adulthood
• Generativity


  • Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
• Aspects of generativity


  • Biological
  • Parental
  • Work
  • Cultural
• Stagnation


  Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation
• Temperament


  Individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses
• Temperament


  • Linked to characteristics of adult personality
  • Easy and difficult temperaments linked to well and poor adjustment in adulthood, respectively
  • Inhibition linked to less assertive, socially anxious, higher levels of depression and anxiety
  • Ability to control one's emotions linked to being more resilient; high emotionality linked with higher levels of depression
• Temperament in childhood


  Personality in adulthood
• Attachment


  Romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for children
• Secure childhood attachment


  Linked with adult secure attachment in romantic relationships
• Avoidant and anxious attachment


  Decline over the lifespan
• Changes in attachment style

  Linked to stresses and supports in socioemotional contexts
• Secure attachment


  I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depending on me. I do not worry about being abandoned or someone getting close to me.
• Avoidant attachment


  I am somewhat uncomfortable with being close to others. I find it difficult to trust them completely and to allow myself to depend on them.
• Anxious attachment


  I get nervous when anyone gets close to me and it bothers me when someone tries to be intimate with me than I feel comfortable with. I find that others are reluctant to get close as I would like. I often worry that my partner does not really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.
• Majority of adults describe themselves as securely attached and prefer to have a securely attached partner
• Intimacy


  Feeling of being close to; Involves self-disclosure
• Intimacy in adulthood


  The task is to compromise the demand for intimacy, identity, and independence
• Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation


  Intimacy is the developmental task of early adulthood and should occur after one is well into establishing a stable and successful identity; failure to achieve intimacy results in social isolation
• Friendship


  Important throughout the life span; Provides companionship, intimacy/affection, support, and source of self-esteem
• Gender differences in friendships

  • Women have more friends; Female friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support; Men tend to engage in activities, especially outdoors, share useful information but keep a distance, are less likely to share weaknesses, and seek practical solutions to their problems rather than sympathy; Male relationships are more competitive and they disagree with each other more compared to women
• Sternberg's Triangle of Love

  • Passion: physical and sexual attraction to another
  • Intimacy: emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing
  • Commitment: cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problems
• Cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships
• Relationship education


  Interventions to provide individuals and couples with information and skills that produce positive romantic relationships and marriages; Skills include interpersonal communication, problem-solving and conflict strategies, and self-regulation
• Falling out of love


  Ending a close relationship may be wise if: You are obsessed with a person who repeatedly betrays your trust, You are involved with someone who is draining you emotionally or financially or both, You are desperately in love with someone who does not return your feelings; Can lead to depression, obsessive thoughts, sexual dysfunction, inability to work effectively; May bring short-term and long-term advantages
• Single adults


  • Dramatic rise in the last few decades; Associated with many myths and stereotypes; Common problems include forming intimate relationships with other adults, confronting loneliness, finding a place in a society that is marriage-oriented; Advantages include having time to make decisions about one's life, freedom to make autonomous decisions and pursue one's own schedule and interests, opportunities to explore new places and try out new things
• Cohabiting adults


  • Living together in a sexual relationship without being married; Reasons include spending time together, sharing expenses, evaluating compatibility; Couples who cohabit do face certain problems like disapproval of family, limited legal rights, potential impacts on later marriage
• Married adults


  • Marriage in adolescence is more likely to end in divorce; Emerging adults are optimistic about marriage and see it as an impetus to create a stable life for a successful marriage
• Traits that people look for in a potential partner

  • Chastity, Domesticity (housekeeping), Religion
• Characteristics that Turkish women look for in a man to marry by age group and educational status
• Characteristics that Turkish men look for in a woman to marry by age group, educational status 2021


  • Having university degree
  • High income level
  • Being from a wealthy family
  • Working at certain working hours
  • Being married for the first time
  • Having an income generating job
  • Similarity of family structures
  • Being religious
  • Coming from same ethnic origin
  • Similarity of political view
  • Being from the same religious sect
  • Being from the same hometown
  • Falling in love with her husband
  • Sharing house chores and childcare
  • Being skilled in house chores
  • Being beautiful
  • Being caring and attentive
  • Being older than herself
  • Similarity of lifestyle
• Premarital education can improve the quality of marriage and commitment and reduce the chances of divorce
• Premarital education is recommended to begin 6 months to 1 year before marriage
• Benefits of a Good Marriage

  • Happily married people live longer, healthier lives
  • Less physical and emotional stress
• Gay and lesbian adults have similar levels of satisfaction and conflict in their relationships compared to heterosexual relationships, contrary to common misconceptions
• Masculine/feminine roles are relatively uncommon in gay and lesbian relationships
• Only a small segment of the gay male population has a large number of sexual partners, and a smaller segment of the lesbian population has a large number of sexual partners