Philosophy

• Philosophy


  Love of wisdom
• Philosophy


  • Began at the end of the 6th Century in Ancient Greece
  • Came from the Greek words "Philein" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom)
• Philosophers became the talk of the town in Athens because of the works of Hesiod and Homer
• Work and Days by Hesiod


  Poem published around 700 BCE about the idea of man's fate being indebted to the gods
• The Iliad and The Odyssey


  Works of Homer
• Philosophy


  • Started in 587 BCE in the town of Miletus
  • Miletus was a seaport town and was considered to be the center of many things, including business and commerce
  • Miletus had the same importance in antiquity
  • First philosophers were said to be Milesians
• Stupefaction


  When a person is placed in a position of confusion, it becomes reinforcement to be completely mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself to ask
• Skepticism


  Wherein everything is put into inquiry without any goal of grounding and could lead to being myopic
• Myopic


  A perspective that is in direct contrast to the spirit of philosophy
• Philosophical question


  • Touches upon matters related to choice, meaning, and life
• Philosophus


  Everyone is a philosopher, the term is more of a challenge for anyone who dares to study philosophy
• Philosophy


  • A science that observes the rigors of science
  • Its object is literally everything and every-thing
  • Studying any object in philosophy is no simple matter, it is not satisfied with answers that can be given via yes or no, and it is also not obsessed with providing the answer right away
  • Philosophizing is an activity without help other than itself, hence, it is done only by the use of reason, unalloyed and unadulterated
• The significance of philosophy is not on its demonstration of knowledge but in its capacity to focus on the possibilities that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught because that knowledge could be confirmation of one's ignorance
• Sophie's World


  A novel by Jostein Gardner that has two narrative sequences: one is the sequence of the unreal, that is, a Sophie Amundsen that exists in the world, and the other is the sequence of real, that there is only one Sophie Amundsen and her father and mother
• "Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay ginagawa." - Roque Ferriols, Pambungad sa Metapisika
• Plato's scission


  • The demarcation between mytheme (ideas that are based on stories) and matheme (ideas that are based on reason) is still tangled
  • Philosophy's method cannot anymore be a hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature
  • Philosophy's method must be consistent after making its own site and field of investigation
• Branches of Philosophy


  • Ontology - Theory of reality and the nature of being
  • Epistemology - Theory of knowledge
  • Ethics - Theory of what is right or wrong
  • Aesthetics - Theory about the nature and valuation of what is beautiful
  • Logic - Theory of correct reasoning and sound thinking
• Elements of Critical Thinking

  • Intellectual Thinking
  • Proactive Thinking
  • Contextual Thinking
  • Creative Thinking
  • Collaborative Thinking
• Critical Thinking


  In philosophy, the person does not just accept things as they are but asks questions to the point of gathering and uncovering the best argument possible
• Theories on Knowledge


  • Theory of Realism
  • Theory of Relativism
  • Theory of Pragmatism
  • Theory of Phenomenology
  • Theory of Axioms
• Theory of Realism


  Truth is the adequation between what is outside the mind (reality) and inside the mind (subject)
• Theory of Relativism


  The basis of truth is always related to the subjective intervention of any phenomenon
• Theory of Pragmatism


  Truth should have practical consequences, and what appears as truth also has to work as truth
• Theory of Phenomenology


  The theory of appearances that is essential to objective or empirical knowledge, emphasizing the need to "see the world anew and again as if for the first time"
• Theory of Axioms


  Axiomatic reasoning mediates the world through the principle of mathematics, noting the implications of principles on reality and truth
• Ancient Conception of the Human Person

  • Earliest philosophical thoughts centered on the nature and observation of the cosmos (universe)
  • Pre-Socratic thinkers were generally called "natural thinkers" and their primary goal was to know and discover the physical world through empirical observation and conjectures
  • This period was the discovery of nature (physis)
  • Socrates changed the philosophical landscape by placing a premium on the value of thinking or the life of thought
• Socrates' quote


  "The unexamined life is not worth living"
• "Universe"


  The study and observation of the cosmos
• Pre-Socratic thinkers


  • Generally called "natural thinkers"
  • Their primary goal was to know and discover the physical world through empirical observation and conjectures
  • This period was the discovery of nature (physis)
• Pre-Socratic thinkers


  • Thales
  • Anaximander
  • Anaximenes
  • Heraclitus
  • Parmenides
  • Anaxagoras
  • Empedocies
  • Leucippus
  • Democritus
• Socrates: '"The unexamined life is not worth living"'
• Example of Socrates' idea


  • A person who feels unhappy in their corporate job takes time to think about what truly matters to them
  • They realize their job doesn't match their passions, so they explore other options
  • Eventually, they find a career in environmental advocacy that aligns with their values, leading to a fulfilling and purposeful life
• Socrates' idea


  Thinking about what's important makes life meaningful
• Socrates


  • Placed a premium on the value of thinking or the life of thought
  • Human beings have a SOUL (psyche or mind), which is the fundamental attribute of being human
  • The nature of this soul is nonmaterialistic, and it is imperceptible to/by senses
• Ethical Dilemmas in the Workplace

  • Socrates' philosophy suggests that reflecting on principles like justice and integrity can help navigate these situations
  • Making ethical choices may involve standing up against wrongdoing, advocating for fairness, or prioritizing stakeholders' well-being over short-term gains
• Arete


  The seat of human excellence, was the starting point of Socrates' anthropology
• Socrates' view


  Prioritized the INNER LIFE rather than the sense of worldly existence of the individual
• How to achieve Arete

  1. When a person is well-trained and educated, he/she places a premium on the individual's mind (Soul) or inner life

  2. Such life is called to live a life of virtue
• Plato's view


  • Knowing the Good entails doing the right thing
  • In order to become a person of excellent character, one must understand the necessary and sufficient conditions, namely, knowing what is good for the nourishment and cultivation of the mind and putting it into practice by living well
  • The philosophical anthropology of Plato is centered of the cultivation of the soul (psyche/mind)
  • The Soul is the real and true nature of human person. The body is just the prison cell of the soul
  • The soul must be trained, cultivated, and educated
• Three parts of the human soul

  • Rational Soul (nous)
  • Spirited Soul (thymos)
  • Appetitive Soul