Topic 13 Inflammation, Immune, HIV

• What bacteria is part of the normal flora of the large intestine?

  Escherichia coli.
• What is an example of a Zoonotic infection?

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
• How is hepatitis C transmitted?

  Blood.
• Any infection that spreads throughout the body, often via blood, is termed what kind of infection?

  Systemic infection.
• What is mycosis?

  Fungal infection.
• What are examples of mycotic infections?

  Thrush, tinea pedis, tinea corporis.
• If someone has mononucleosis, what virus would be expected?

  Epstein-Barr virus and possibly Burkitt lymphoma.
• What bacteria is a common cause of UTIs?

  E. coli.
• What kinds of bacteria are common culprits of healthcare associated infections?

  Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, enterobacter aerogenes.
• What antibiotic is prescribed for someone iwth streptococcus pneumoniae?

  Ceftriaxone because penicillin is resistant.
• What antibiotic is prescribed for enterococcus faecium?

  Daptomycin because it is resistant to gentamicin, vancomycin, and streptyomycin.
• Is age a risk factor for infection?

  Yes..
• What is a weird condition that can increase the risk for COVID-19?

  Down syndrome.
• What diseases can happen due to mycobacterial infections?

  Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), leprosy or Hansen disease (Mycobacterium leprae).
• If someone has an Klebsiella pneumonia infection, what kind of antibiotic is this resistant to?

  Carbapenems like imipenem or meropenem.
• What are fungal organisms that affect the skin?

  Trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton.
• What antibiotic is usually given for infections that are resistant to penicillin?

  Ceftriaxone.
• What are symptoms of a viral cold or flu?

  Cold, sore throat, and runny nose.
• What infections require droplet precautions?

  Infections spread by coughing, talking, sneezing like influenza and bacterial meningitis.
• What infections are airborne precautions?

  Tuberculosis, measels, chicken pox (varicella).
• What infections are contact precautions?

  MRSA, VRE, C. diff.
• What is an emerging infection?

  New infectious diseases or known diseases that are increasing in incidence or geographic range.
• What are examples of emerging infections?

  West nile fever, swine flu, HIV infection.
• What are reemerging infections?

  Diseases that were once under control but are now increasing in incidence.
• What are examples of reemerging infections?

  Pertussis and tuberculosis.
• What are examples of diseases that warrant airborne precautions?

  Tuberculosis and rubeola.
• What bacteria is syphilis caused by?

  Treponema pallidum.
• What medication is used to treat staphylococcus aureus?

  Vancomycin. Gentamycin, penicillin G, and ampicillin are ineffective.
• What bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome?

  Staphylococcus aureus.
• In early stages of HIV infection, which cells protect the body from infection?

  T cells.
• What are opportunistic infections for patients with AIDS?

  Candidiasis of bronchi, toxoplasmosis of the brain, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• HIV destroys CD4+T cells and depletes your immune system.
• Immune problems start at what level of CD4+ T cells?

  When the T cell count drops below 500 uL.
• HIV goes from RNA to DNA.
• What are opportunistic cancers that can happen because of HIV?

  Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer.
• After sexually risky behavior for a HIV patient, when should they be retested?

  In 4 - 6 weeks.
• To monitor growth of HIV in prescribed antiretroviral drugs, what test is advised?

  Phenotype assay since this helps determine the correct dosage of ART for the patient.
• What are signs that antiretroviral therapy is working for a patient with AIDS?

  90% drop in viral load and CD4+ T cell count above 14%.
• How is HIV progression monitored?

  CD4 count and viral load.
• What are the diagnostic criteria for AIDS?

  CD4 count below 200, presence of specific opportunistic infections, presence of an opportunistic cancer, wasting syndrome, and dementia.