les 4.2

• Parametric tests


  Assume specific population parameters, such as normal distribution, equal variances, and that the data is measured in continuous variable
• Nonparametric tests


  Do not require the assumptions of parametric tests. Used when one of the assumptions of parametric tests is violated
• Parametric tests


  • More powerful and efficient when assumptions are met
• Nonparametric tests


  • More robust and applicable in situations where assumptions are violated
• Most parametric tests have their own nonparametric counterparts
• If any of the assumptions are violated, then opt for the nonparametric test for the analysis you are planning to conduct
• One-Sample T-Test


  Compare the mean of a single sample to a known or hypothesized population mean
• One-Sample T-Test


  • There is only one group involved, each participant is measured once
• Nonparametric counterpart to One-Sample T-Test

  Wilcoxon One-Sample Signed Rank Test
• Independent-Sample T-Test


  Compare the means of two independent groups to assess whether there is a statistically significant difference between them
• Independent-Sample T-Test


  • There are two distinct groups, each participant is measured once
• Nonparametric counterpart to Independent-Sample T-Test

  Mann-Whitney U Test
• Dependent-/Paired-Sample T-Test

  Compare the means of two related groups or conditions to assess whether there is a statistically significant difference between them
• Dependent-/Paired-Sample T-Test


  • There is only one group, each participant is measured twice under different conditions or at two different time points
• Nonparametric counterpart to Dependent-/Paired-Sample T-Test

  Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test
• One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)


  Compare the means of three or more independent groups to assess whether there are statistically significant differences among them
• One-Way ANOVA


  • There are three or more distinct groups, each participant is measured once
• Nonparametric counterpart to One-Way ANOVA

  Kruskal-Wallis H Test
• Repeated Measures ANOVA


  Compare the means of a dependent variable across multiple conditions or time points within the same subjects to determine if there are statistically significant differences
• Repeated Measures ANOVA


  • There is only one group of subjects, each subject is measured three or more times under different conditions or at different time points
• Nonparametric counterpart to Repeated Measures ANOVA

  Friedman Test
• Repeated Measures ANOVA


  A statistical test used to analyze the mean differences in a dependent variable measured under three or more conditions or time points on the same subjects.
• Two-Way ANOVA


  A statistical test used to analyze the effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable, as well as the interaction between the two independent variables.
• Two-way ANOVA is a statistical test used to analyze the effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable, as well as the interaction between the two independent variables.
• Pearson's Correlation (Pearson's r)


  A statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables.
• Spearman Rank-Order Correlation


  A nonparametric test used to determine the degree of association between two variables when the data is not normally distributed or the relationship is not linear.
• Simple Linear Regression


  Used to model and quantify the relationship between two continuous variables, where one variable (the predictor or independent variable) is used to predict or estimate the value of another variable (the outcome or dependent variable).
• Multiple Linear Regression


  Used to model and analyze the relationship between one dependent variable and two or more independent variables by fitting a linear equation to the observed data.
• Pag significant- reject null

  Pag insignificant- failed to reject null

  Skewness- normal- 0

  If greater 0- postively skewed

  If less than 0- negatively skewed

  If less than .05- not normal

  If greater than .05- normal