BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

• Biological Hazards


  any biological or organic substances that pose threat to the health of other organisms, especially humans.
• Biological Hazards


  broad, varying in bodily responses, sources, mode of transmission and infection.
• Biological Hazards


  usually naturally-occuring, but they can also be man-made (genetically modified or cultured)
• If the environment is favorable, they could multiply rapidly.
• different types of biohazards have specific methods of prevention, control, and management.
• Biological hazards can ______ and _____

  adapt and evolve
• most common pathogens


  viruses, fungi, parasites, bacteria
• Viruses

  consist of a piece of genetic code in a DNA or RNA, and this is encased by a protein molecule
• Viruses


  intrude into cells of an organism. once in, they use the cells to replicate.
• the number of viruses can damage or destroy tissues and organs
• since viruses are considered nonliving, there is no medicine to kill them. antibiotics do not normallg work in eradicating the virus in a person's body
• Bacteria


  unicellular organisms
• Bacterias


  able to inhabit any type of environment, including your body.
• Diseases

  As opposed to good bacteria, pathogenic bacteria can cause what?
• Antibiotic


  Because bacteria are living organisms, they can be killed by the right what?
• Fungi


  diverse organisms
• Fungi


  could be micro or macroorganisms.
• Fungi


  usually propagate in areas that have abundant organic wastes (sweat, mucus, or salts)
• Parasites


  needs a host in order to survive
• Parasites


  uses hosts as a source of food or habitat
• Parasitic infections occur when the parasites multiply, destroying the cellular tissues of the organisms and depriving them of nutrients and other substances need by its body.
• Acellular (Nonliving)


  VIRUS (e.g. HIV), PRION (e.g. CJD)
• Cellular (living)

  Parasites (e.g. helminthes) - tapeworm, Protozoa (e.g. plasmodia)- malaria, Fungi (e.g. tinea) - athlete's foot, Prokaryote (e.g. bacteria) - leprosy
• easiest way for pathogens to enter the body


  direct contact
• portals of entry


  nose, mouth, genitals, skin, or eyes (all cellular tissues)
• Portals of entry are alsl most often the portals of exit
• Reproduction


  biological agents need to propagate in an environment conducive to what?
• the key consideration in any biological infection is the ability of the affected person's immune system to immediately and appropriately respond to these pathogens
• presence of pathogens


  infection
• without the presence of pathogens/through ingestion


  intoxication
• modes of transmissions


  intoxication and infection
• a pathogens remains suspended in the air until a person inhales it
• zoonotic


  according to the WHO (2020), it is a term used to describe diseases that are carried by animals and transferred to humans.
• bites or scratches


  the pathogen becomes active when it is transmitted to a human through what
• always wash your hands thoroughly especially before eating


  use soap and warm water. vigorously rub your hands together for a period of at least 20 seconds. use alcohol or hand sanitizer if way soap and water.
• how long should you vigorously wash your hands for

  at least 20 seconds
• avoid touching your face, including your nose, eyes, and mouth.


  if you need to touch it, use a tissue or cotton
• most vulnerable


  immunocompromised or with comorbidity
• avoid sick people (especially if contagious)


  use the right personal protective equipment (ppe)
• cover mouth when sneeze or cough

  immediately wash hands if ever :3