KAYA NATIN TO

• Asepsis


  Freedom from disease-causing microorganisms
• Aseptic technique


  To decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another
• Two basic types of asepsis

  • Medical Asepsis (clean technique)
  • Surgical Asepsis (sterile technique)
• Medical Asepsis (clean technique)

  • All practices intended to continue specific microorganisms to a specific area, limiting the number and growth, or the absence of microorganisms in an object
• Surgical Asepsis (sterile technique)


  • Practices to keep an area or object free from all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy microorganisms and spores
  • Used for all procedures involving the sterile area of our body
• Sepsis


  A condition of acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection
• Infection


  Growth of microorganisms in body tissues where they are not usually found
• If microorganisms produce no clinical pieces of evidence of disease, the infection is called asymptomatic or subclinical, and some can cause considerable damage
• Virulence


  The ability of the microorganisms to produce disease and these vary
• Communicable disease


  If an infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or an airborne infection
• Types of microorganisms that cause infections

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
• Colonization


  The process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora. The microorganisms will grow and multiply, but do not cause disease
• Types of infection


  • Local infection
  • Systemic infection
  • Bacteremia
  • Septicemia
  • Acute infection
  • Chronic infection
• Nosocomial infections


  Infections that originate at the hospital and develop when the client stays in the facility or after discharge
• Sources of nosocomial infections

  • Endogenous (originate from client themselves)
  • Exogenous (Hospital environment or personal)
  • Iatrogenic (number of factor contributed to nosocomial infections, directly result of diagnosis or therapeutic procedures)
• Elements of the chain of infection

  • Etiology agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
• Etiology agent


  The extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms and the ability of microorganisms to live in the host body
• Reservoir


  Sources of microorganism, people are the common source of infection for others and themselves, a carrier is a person or an animal reservoir of a specific infectious disease that does not manifest any clinical signs of the disease
• Portal of exit


  The common portal of exit is the nose or mouth through sneezing, coughing, breathing, or talking. The mouth has the saliva and vamitus; the anus, which will have the feces; and the ostomies. erythrovirus, semen, and urine. vigina viginitis charge can be a portal of exit
• Modes of transmission


  • Direct transmission
  • Indirect transmission (vehicle-borne or vector-borne)
  • Airborne transmission
• Portal of entry


  Before a person can be infected, microorganisms must enter the body. The skin is a barrier to infectious agents. However, any break in the skin can readily serve as entry
• Susceptible host


  Any person who is infection compromised is a person at risk or an individual who for one or more reasons are more likely than others to acquire infection
• Body defenses against infection

  • Non-specific defenses
  • Specific or immune defenses
• Non-specific defenses


  • Protect the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure
• Specific or immune defenses

  • Directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents
• Non-specific defenses


  • Anatomical barrier (skin, mucous membranes)
  • Physiological barriers (urine flow, pH)
  • Inflammatory response
• Antigen


  A substance that triggers an immune response
• Components of the immune system

  • Antibody-mediated defenses (humoral or circulating immunity)
  • Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
• Types of immunity


  • Active immunity
  • Passive immunity
• Types of active immunity

  • IgM (immunoglobulin M)
  • IgG (immunoglobulin G)
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
• Types of passive immunity

  • Natural (from nursing mother's breast milk)
  • Artificial (injection of immunity serum antibodies)
• Types of T cells

  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
• Factors increasing susceptibility to infection

  • Immature immune system
  • Advancing age
  • Heredity
  • Stress
  • Nutritional status
  • Medications
  • Medical therapies
  • Diseases that lessen the body's defenses
• Safety


  A condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk or injury
• Factors affecting safety


  • Age and development
  • Lifestyle
  • Mobility and health status
  • Sensory perceptual alteration
  • Cognitive awareness
  • Emotional state
  • Ability to communicate
  • Safety awareness
  • Environmental safety
• When assessing patient safety, we can identify the patient's perception of safety, identify environmental hazards, and identify the patient's ability to maintain safety
• Environmental stimuli is vital to safety. People with impaired touch perception, hearing, taste, smell and vision are highly susceptible to injury.
• Cognitive awareness


  Ability to perceive environmental stimuli and body reactions and to respond appropriately through thought and action
• Emotional state


  Extreme emotional states can alter the ability to perceive environmental hazards. Stressful situations can reduce a person's level of concentration.
• Ability to communicate


  Individuals with diminished ability to receive and convey information are at risk for injury.