Citations

• In reviewing related literature, you come to read a variety of reading materials containing knowledge related to your research. These ideas, including the language structures to express them, belong to other people. They are not yours.
• Acknowledgment


  The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something to produce the paper
• References or Bibliography


  A complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from
• In-text Citation


  References within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature. The citation made in your writing shows where the information was taken. It usually includes the name of the author and the year of publication. The page number, paragraph number, chapter, section, or time stamp where the information can be located within the source is also included if the information placed was a direct quotation from the source.
• Purposes of Citation


  • To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
  • To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people's claims, conclusions, and arguments
  • To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic
  • To help readers contact the sources of ideas easily
  • To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
  • To save yourself from plagiarism
• Parenthetical In-text Citation


  The citation is placed inside a parenthesis and is placed at the end of the sentence or paragraph.
• Narrative In-text Citation


  The citation is incorporated in the text as part of the sentence or paragraph.
• Citation Style


  A set of guidelines for citing sources in academic writing
• APA Style


  Defined by 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It was originally intended for use in psychology, but it is now widely employed across many disciplines, particularly in the social sciences.
• Short/Regular Quotations


  Direct quotations that are less than 40 words. Include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference. Use quotation marks to identify the exact words of the author.
• Long/Block Quotations


  When you quote more than 40 words. Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch, do not use quotation marks, double space the quote, and do not include any additional lines or spaces before or after the block quote.

  
• Citation Placement


  Use the author-date citation approach, putting the author's surname and year of publication at the relevant location in the text.
• When the same author is referenced more than once in the same paragraph and the author's name appears in the narrative, the year must be included in future non-parenthetical references to the resource. However, you provide the year in all parenthetical citations.
• Number of Authors for the Same Source

  • One author
  • Two authors
  • More than three authors
  • Unknown author
  • Group or Organization as author
• Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

  List authors in alphabetical order within the same parentheses, separated by semicolons.
• Citing Secondary Sources


  Mention the primary source in the paper's text while referencing the secondary source.
• Unknown Author and Unknown Date


  Use the title in your signal phrase, or the first two words of the title in parenthesis, with the acronym "n.d." (for "no date").
• Sources Without Page Numbers

  Attempt to incorporate information that will direct readers to the cited passage, such as the heading or section name, a paragraph number, or a combination of these.
• Personal Communications


  Interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication should be paraphrased. Cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was a personal message, and the date it occurred. Do not include personal communications in the reference list.