Comprog Reviewer

• Computer


  An electronic device capable of performing complex computations in a short time
• Computer


  A fast electronic calculating machine that accepts input information, processes it according to a list of internally stored instructions called a program, and produces the resultant output information
• Program


  A set of instructions telling a computer what to do
• Programming


  The craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program
• Components of a computer

  • Hardware
  • Software
• Hardware


  The physical equipment of a computer system, including the monitor, keyboard, central processing unit, and storage device
• Data representation


  • Conversion of images, letters and sounds into electrical signals
• Data electronics


  • Manipulation of "on" and "off" signals to perform complex tasks
• Digital device


  Works with discrete signals, such as 0 and 1
• Binary number system


  Uses only two digits: 0 and 1
• Bit


  Binary digit
• Byte


  A collection of 8 bits
• 8 bits = 1 Byte = 1 char

  8000 bits = 1 KB

  1KB = 1024 Bytes (more or less, 2 or 3 paragraphs)

  1024 KB = 1 MB (873 pages of plain text)
• Processor or CPU


  The central electronic chip that controls the processes in the computer and determines the processing power of the computer
• Memory


  The part of the computer that stores applications, documents, and systems operating information
• Input devices


  Machines that generate input for the computer, such as keyboard and mouse
• Output devices


  Machines that display information from the computer, such as monitor, speaker, printer etc.
• Software


  Computer programs, modules (support and data) working together providing computers with instructions and data for certain task (e.g. word processing, internet browsing)
• Computer program or ("program")


  An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner
• Support module


  An auxiliary set of instructions used in conjunction with the main software program
• Data module


  Contains data (not supplied by the user) necessary for the execution of certain task
• Source code


  Code written by the programmer
• Object code


  Machine language representation of the source code
• Linker


  Creates the executable code by combining program object code, object code from library routines and any other required system code into one addressable machine language file
• Application software


  Computer programs that are used to accomplish specific or specialized tasks for computer user
• System software


  Helps the computer carry out its basic operating function
• Software development life cycle (SDLC)


  A methodology that is typically used to develop, maintain, and replace information systems for improving the quality of the software design and development process

  
• Importance of SDLC

  • In order to create systems that are good in design

  It serves as a guide in systems development

  
• Five phases of SDLC

  • Planning phase

  Analysis phase

  Design phase

  Implementation phase

  Maintenance phase

  
• Waterfall SDLC


  Suggests that prior to proceeding to next phase, the current phase should be finished first
• Algorithm


  A step-by-step problem-solving procedure, a finite sequence of steps for solving a logical or mathematical problem
• Guide to a good algorithm

  • Specify each step or instruction exactly

  There must be a finite number of steps

  There must be an output
• Pseudocode


  A generic way of describing an algorithm without the use of any specific programming language syntax
• Flowchart


  A graphic map of the path of control or data through the operations in a program or an information-handling system

  
• Flowchart symbols

  • Flow lines

  Terminal block

  Initialization block

  Process block

  Input/output block

  Decision block

  Connector
• Arithmetic operators


  Used to perform arithmetic operations on values (numbers)
• Relational operators


  • Less than

  Greater than

  Less than or equal to

  Greater than or equal to

  Is equal to

  Not equal to

  Not equal to
• Logical operators


  • Logical AND (&&)

  Logical OR (||)

  Logical NOT (!)
• Algorithm, pseudocode and flowchart to find the sum of two numbers

  Start

  Declare variables num1, num2 and sum

  Input number value for num1 and num2

  Sum of num1 and num2 (sum=num1 + num2)

  Display sum

  End
• Algorithm, pseudocode and flowchart to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

  Start

  Declare variables celsius, fahrenheit

  Input temperature in fahrenheit

  Celsius = 5.0/9.0 (fahrenheit - 32)

  Display celsius

  End