AA

• Charcoal


  Popular medium for drawing since the Renaissance, used for preparatory purposes and highly finished drawings
• Charcoal drawing


  • Textural effects, scraping, mixing with water/liquids, stumping, reductive techniques like erasing
• Chiaroscuro


  Interplay between light and shadow
• Fabricated charcoal


  Powdered and recompressed to different degrees of hardness, providing a greater range of dark grays and blacks
• Charcoal drawing


  • Artists enhance with touches of pastel or gouache, or by applying toned fixative to darken the support
• Charcoal drawing


  Versatile, inexpensive and fun medium, easy to transport for plein air drawing
• Supplies needed for charcoal drawing


  • Nitram charcoal sticks (B Soft, Hb Medium, H hard)
  • Paper
  • Kneaded eraser
  • Gum eraser
  • Blending stump
  • Sandpaper
  • Wax paper or paper towels
  • Small drafting brush
  • Acrylic paint brush
• Workable fixative


  Recommended for finished charcoal drawings
• Types of charcoal


  • Vine and willow charcoal
  • Compressed charcoal
  • Charcoal pencils
  • White charcoal
  • Powdered charcoal
• Artist habits of mind

  • Develop craft
  • Engage & persist
  • Envision
  • Express
  • Observe
  • Reflect
  • Stretch & explore
  • Understand art world
• Art history timeline


  • Stone Age (30,000 BC - 2,500 BC)
  • Mesopotamian (3,500 BC - 539 BC)
  • Egyptian (3100 BC - 30 BC)
  • Greek and Hellenistic (850 BC - 31 BC)
  • Roman (500 BC - AD 476)
  • Indian, Chinese, and Japanese (653 BC - AD 1900)
  • Byzantine and Islamic (AD 476 - AD 1453)
  • Middle Ages (500-1400)
  • Early and High Renaissance (1400-1550)
  • Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430-1550)
  • Mannerism (1527-1580)
  • Baroque (1600-1750)
  • Neoclassical (1750-1850)
  • Romanticism (1780-1850)
  • Realism (1848-1900)
  • Impressionism (1865-1885)
  • Post-Impressionism (1885-1910)
  • Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935)
  • Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Stijl (1905-1920)
  • Dada and Surrealism (1917-1950)
  • Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art (1940-1950, 1960s)
  • Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970-)
• Lascaux Cave Painting


  Paleolithic cave in southwestern France with close to 600 paintings, mostly of animals, in impressive compositions
• Venus of Willendorf


  11.1-centimetre-tall Venus figurine recovered from an archaeological dig in Lower Austria
• Stonehenge


  Prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site in Wiltshire, England, likely used for observing the Sun and Moon and working out the farming calendar
• Standard of Ur


  Sumerian artifact from the 3rd millennium BC, a hollow wooden box inlaid with a mosaic of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli, found in a royal tomb in Ur
• Gate of Ishtar


  Main entrance into the city of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II and dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar
• Stele of Hammurabi's Code


  4,000-year-old Babylonian monument showing the king receiving authority from the sun god Shamash, containing over 300 laws reflecting the culture and issues of ancient Mesopotamia
• Imhotep


  Egyptian polymath, architect of the Step Pyramid of Djoser, and later deified as the god of wisdom and medicine
• Step Pyramid of Djoser

  First pyramid to be built, a 6-tier, 4-sided structure and the earliest colossal stone building in Egypt
• Great Pyramids of Giza

  Largest Egyptian pyramid, tomb of pharaoh Khufu, the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Jury as naturally occurring instead of punishments sent by gods or inflicted by spirits or curses
• STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER

  • The pyramid of Djoser (or Djeser and Zoser) is an archaeological site in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt
  • It is the first pyramid to be built
  • The 6-tier, 4-sided structure is the earliest colossal stone building in Egypt
• GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

  • The largest Egyptian pyramid and served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, the first Egyptian king to build a pyramid in Giza
  • The pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact
  • Khufu's son, Khafre, built the second pyramid
  • Khafre's necropolis, or burial ground, stands out on the landscape because it also includes the Sphinx (body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh)
  • The third of the Giza Pyramids is smaller - less than half their height is built by Khafre's son Menkaure
  • Included three individual queens' pyramids
• BUST OF NEFERTITI


  • The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten
  • The work is believed to have been crafted in 1345 BCE by Thutmose because it was found in his workshop in Tell-el Amarna, Egypt
  • It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt
  • Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty

  
• PARTHENON


  • The Parthenon temple was built on the Acropolis of Athens
  • It was dedicated to the city's patron deity Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin)
  • The temple was constructed to house the new colossal statue of the goddess by Pheidias

  
• MYRON (Artwork: Discobolus "Discus Thrower")


  • Greek sculptor
  • An older contemporary of the sculptors Phidias and Polyclitus
  • One of the most versatile and innovative of all Attic sculptors
  • Myron was born in Eleutherae, a small town on the border between Attica and Bocotia, and lived most of his life in Athens
  • The first to achieve lifelike representation in art, but it would be more accurate to say that he was the first Greek sculptor to combine a mastery of movement with a gift for harmonious composition
  • Working almost exclusively in bronze, he was best known for his many studies of athletes in action
  • Of his many works, only two representations positively survive: the group of Athena and Marsyas, originally standing on the Acropolis of Athens, and the Discobolus ("Discus Thrower"), both in marble copies made in Roman times
• PHIDIAS (Artwork: Heracles)


  • Athenian sculptor
  • The artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who created its most important religious images and supervised and probably designed its overall sculptural decoration
  • He alone had seen the exact image of the gods and that he revealed it to man. He established forever general conceptions of Zeus and Athena
  • Famous works (original did not survive): Athena Promachos, Lemnian Athena, Athena Parthenos, Zeus for the Temple of Zeus at Olympia

  
• POLYKLEITOS (Artwork: Doryphoros)


  • Greek sculptor
  • He is particularly known for his lost treatise, the Canon of Polykleitos (a canon of body proportions), which set out his mathematical basis of an idealized male body shape
  • None of his original sculptures are known to survive, but many marble works, mostly Roman, are believed to be later copies
• PRAXITELES (Artwork: Aphrodite of Cnidus)


  • From Athens; the most renowned of the Attica sculptors of the 4th century BC
  • He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue
  • The Aphrodite of Knidos (or Cnidus) was an Ancient Greek sculpture of the goddess Aphrodite created by Praxiteles around the 4th century BC
  • It was one of the first life-sized representations of the nude female form in Greek history, displaying an alternative idea to male heroic nudity
• THE COLOSSEUM


  • Also named the Flavian Amphitheater, is a large amphitheater in Rome
  • It was built during the reign of the Flavian emperors as a gift to the Roman people
  • Construction of the Colosseum began under the Emperor Vespasian
  • It opened nearly a decade later and was modified several times in the following years
  • Could hold more than 50,000 spectators at its maximum capacity
  • When the Colosseum first opened, the Emperor Titus celebrated with a hundred days of gladiatorial games
  • Aside from the games, the Colosseum also hosted dramas, reenactments, and even public executions
  • Eventually, the Romans' interest in the games waned. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Colosseum began to deteriorate. A series of earthquakes during the fifth century C.E. damaged the structure, and it also suffered from neglect
• TRAJAN'S COLUMN


  • Ancient Comic Strip / War Diary
  • The victory of the Roman emperor Trajan over the Dacians in back-to-back wars is carved in numerous scenes that spiral around a 126-foot marble pillar in Rome
  • 155 scenes carved in a spiral frieze
  • Trajan's war on the Dacians, a civilization in what is now Romania, was the defining event of his 19-year rule. The loot he brought back was staggering (surprising)
  • Towering over it was a stone column 126 feet high, crowned with a bronze statue of the conqueror
• PANTHEON


  • Pantheon translates as "honor all Gods" and this Greek adjective explains how the temple was built in respect of the various Greek gods but certain aspects about this origin are still in question
  • Believed to be constructed in 27 BC by Agrippa, the right hand of Emperor Augustus
  • In 80 AD, it was engulfed in "The Great Fire" and needed to be rebuilt by Emperor Domitian
  • It burnt to the ground once again in 110 AD when it was hit by lightning and it was Emperor Hadrian who constructed the temple we see today
  • It is now a mausoleum and home to the tombs of the famous painter Raphael and two Italian kings – Umberto I and Vittorio Emanuele II

  
• GU KAIZHI (Artwork: Admonitions of the Court Instructress)


  • Born in modern Wuxi
  • Most famous as a painter of portraits and figure subjects and as a poet
  • The first to paint a representation of Vimala-kīrti, the Buddhist saint who became popular in China
  • His art is known today through copies of three silk handscroll paintings attributed to him: Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, Nymph of the Luo River, Wise and Benevolent Women
  • According to him, "The spirit of figure painting is all in the eyes."
• LI CHENG (Artwork: Wintry Forest)


  • A Chinese landscape painter
  • He was said to "treasure ink like gold" and did many landscape paintings with diluted ink, thus rendering the scenery like in a filmy mist
  • Remembered especially for winter landscapes and for simple compositions
• GUO XI (Artwork: Snow Mountains)


  • A Chinese landscape painter from Wenxian in Henan province
  • Served as a court painter under Emperor Shenzong (reigned 1068–1085)
  • Produced many monumental landscape paintings and specialized in painting large pine trees and scenery enveloped in mist and clouds
  • He employed "curled cloud" texture strokes for mountain slopes, while he did trees in "crab claw" forms to create a style of his own
• KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI (Artwork: Under the Wave off Kanagawa)


  • Made Under the Wave off Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura), also known as The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei)
  • Woodblock artist
• UTAGAWA HIROSHIGE (Artwork: Utsu Mountain at Okabe)


  • Utsu Mountain at Okabe, from the series The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
  • Woodblock artist
• HAGUIA SOPHIA


  • The church of Hagia Sophia (literally "Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, now Istanbul, was first dedicated in 360 by Emperor Constantius, son of the city's founder, Emperor Constantine
  • Hagia Sophia served as the cathedra, or bishop's seat, of the city
  • Built between 532 and 537, it represents a brilliant moment in Byzantine architecture and art
  • It was the principal church of the Byzantine Empire in its capital, Constantinople (later Istanbul), and a mosque after the Ottoman Empire conquered the city in 1453
• ANDREI RUBLEV (Artwork: The Trinity)


  • A Russian icon painter
  • Considered to be one of the greatest medieval Russian painters of Orthodox Christian icons and frescoes
• MOSQUE-CATHEDRAL OF CORDOBA


  • The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, officially known by its ecclesiastical name of Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia
  • The artistic styles of Islam and Christianity are visible almost everywhere in the mosque-cathedral of Córdoba—from the Renaissance cathedral in the center to the lush green orange tree courtyard
  • Temple for Janus (the two-faced God of new beginnings) to Church (by Visigoths) to Aljama Mosque to a Christian cathedral