3I'S | LECTURE 03

• L3 | 1.0. WHAT IS VARIABLE

  • Is any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality.
• L3 | 1.0. WHAT IS VARIABLE

  • Simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • DEPENDENT
  • Depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variables or variables. It is the presumed effect.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • INDEPENDENT
  • Stable and unaffectedly by the other variables you are trying to measure, it refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • Criterion variable
  • Another name for a dependent variable or a response variable.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • Criterion variable
  • Variable that is being predicted in a statistical analysis.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • CRITERION VARIABLE
  • Outcomes, result, or effect that researchers try to predict or explain in a study.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • PREDICTOR VARIABLE
  • Known as an independent variable
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • PREDICTOR VARIABLE
  • Used to predict a future outcome based on given circumstances.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • PREDICTOR VARIABLE
  • Important when trying to estimate or extrapolate a future outcome based on information that is known.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • QUALITIVE VARIABLES
  • Lacks numerical value. Assigning value to specific categories/groups (Blood type and colour)
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • DICHOTOMOUS
  • Two distinct categories or values only. Ex. A response to a "yes or no" question.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • ORDINAL
  • Characteristics of both Quali and Quanti.
  • Can be ranked or ordered
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
  • Can be measured numerically.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • CONTINOUS
  • Also referred as INTERVAL.
  • Measured in ranges
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • DISCRETE
  • Can be counted and whole numbers. Not describe in ranges.
• L3 | 1.2. TYPES OF VARIABLES

  • RATIO
  • Special type of continues variable.
  • Cannot have a negative value.
• L3 | 2.0. PURPOSE AND ROLE

  • Variables are important to understand because they are the basic units of the information studied and interpreted in research studies. Researchers carefully analyze and interpret the value(s) of each variable to make sense of how things relate to each other in a descriptive study or what has happened in an experiment.
• L3 | 3.0. MIXED METHOD

  • Combines elements of Quantitative researcher and Qualitive research in order to answer you research question. Mixed methods can help you gain a more complete picture than a standalone Quantitative or Qualitative study, as it integrates benefits of both methods.
• L3 | 3.0. MIXED METHOD

  • MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
  • Mixed methods research is often used in the behavioral, health, and social sciences, especially in multidisciplinary setting and complex situational or societal research.
• L3 | 3.1. TYPES OF MIXED

  • SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY DESIGN
  • Involves the collection and analysis of quantitative data followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data.
• L3 | 3.1. TYPES OF MIXED

  • SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY DESIGN
  • The priority is given to the qualitative data, and the findings are integrated during the interpretation phase of the study
• L3 | 3.1. TYPES OF MIXED

  • CONVERGENT PARALLEL
  • Consists of taking qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis and comparing or relating the two and then interpreting them. Areas of convergence or divergence between the qualitative and quantitative results should be discussed.
• L3 | 3.1. TYPES OF MIXED

  • EMBEDDED
  • The quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously, but the qualitative data is embedded within the quantitative data.
• L3 | 3.1. TYPES OF MIXED

  • EMBEDDED
  • This design is best used when you want to focus on the quantitative data but still need to understand how the qualitative data further explains it.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
  • Refers to the process of systematically selecting individuals, units, or groups, to be analyzed during the conduct of study.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • PROBABILITY SAMPLING
  • Involves selecting samples based on random selection methods, where each member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being included in the sample. Types include:
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Random simple sampling
  • Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Stratified Sampling
  • The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on certain characteristics, and then random samples are taken from each subgroup.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Cluster Sampling
  • The population is divided into clusters, and then a random selection of clusters is chosen for the sample.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Systematic Sampling
  • Involves selecting every nth member from a population list after a random starting point.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • NON-PROBABILITY
  • Involves selecting samples based on subjective judgment rather than random selection methods.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Convenience Sampling
  • Selecting individuals who are easily accessible or available.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Purposive Sampling
  • Selecting individuals who meet specific criteria relevant to the research question.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Snowball Sampling
  • Existing participants in a study recruit other participants, often used for hard-to-reach populations.
• L3 | 4.0. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • Quota
  • A non-random sampling method where participants are selected to match predetermined quotas based on certain characteristics.
• L3 | HAWTHORNED EFFECT

  • Refers to the observed change in behavior due to consciousness that they are under observations.
• L3 |  4.3. OTHER TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY

  • SELF-SELECTION
  • Based on the preference of the researcher. It is a very self-explanatory type of a design.
• L3 | 4.3. OTHER TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY

  • PROTOTYPINGS
  • Is a development approach to improve the planning and execution of creative designs such as software or technology development.