INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

• It follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach

  Research
• CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

  • systematic
  • objective
  • feasible
  • empirical
  • clear
• Naturally occurring phenomena are examined. It is a systematic process that involves formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data.


  SCIENTIFIC
• Seeks to define the purpose of human existence.

  RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES
• Provides alternative approaches to establish concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones.

  ARTISTIC
• Defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly

  QUALITATIVE
• Lived Experiences

  PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
• Cultural groups or minorities

  ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
• In depth examination

  CASE STUDY
• Comparing collected units of data against one another

  GROUNDED THEORY
• How individuals give meanings

  BASIC INTERPRETATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY
• A systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical methods.

  QUANTITATIVE
• Report and observe certain phenomenon

  DESCRIPTIVE
• Shows relationship of variables

  CORRELATIONAL
• Shows causes to effect

  EX POST FACTO
• Cause and Effect that go with intact groups

  QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
• Cause and Effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation

  EXPERIMENTAL
• A journal article in which the authors report on the research they did. Research articles are always primary sources. Whether or not a research article is peer reviewed depends on the journal that publishes it.


  RESEARCH ARTICLE
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Font Style

  Arial
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Size

  10
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Spacing


  Single-line
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Margin

  1 inch
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Paper size

  a4
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  Title

  Bold and Initial Capital letter
• FORMAT OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

  ABSTRACT

  Italicized with a maximum of 150 words
• • First-level headings should be in bold, with an initial capital letter for any proper nouns with a font size o 12
  • Second-level headings researchers name first name first (alphabetical by surname) with a font size of 12
  • Third-level headings should be in italics with a font size of 8


  HEADINGS
• Show clearly in your article text where the tables and figures should appear, for example, by writing [Table 1 near here].

  TABLES AND FIGURES
• • Tells the reader where the research data associated with a paper is available, and under what conditions the data can be accessed. They also include links (where applicable) to the data set.
  • Also sometimes called a ‘data access statement

  DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
• These aren’t required when submitting a manuscript for review. They will be added during the production process if and when the article is accepted for publication.

  RUNNING HEADS AND RECEIVED DATES
• • Is any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality.
  • Simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way

  VARIABLE
• Depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.

  DEPENDENT
• Stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.

  INDEPENDENT
• variable that is being predicted in a statistical analysis

  CRITERION VARIABLE
• Used to predict a future outcome based on given circumstances.

  PREDICTOR VARIABLE
• Lacks numerical value. Assigning value to specific categories/groups. (blood type and colour).

  QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
• More than two categories or values.

  NOMINAL
• Two distinct categories or values only.

  DICHOTOMOUS
• Characteristics of both Quali and Quanti. Can be ranked or ordered. Specific non numerical classes.

  ORDINAL
• Can be measured numerically

  QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
• Also referred as INTERVAL. Measured in ranges. Can be donated by non - whole numbers. 


  CONTINUOUS