Human ana 1

• Anatomy


  Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships
• Physiology


  • Study of how the body and its parts work or function
  • Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
• Pathophysiology


  Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
• Gross or Macroscopic anatomy


  • Larger structures that can be seen with the naked eye
  • Approached of study: Regional and Systemic Anatomy
• Surface anatomy


  Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
• Microscopic anatomy


  • Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye and can only be viewed with a microscope
  • Subdivisions include cytology and histology
• Developmental anatomy


  • Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
  • Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
• Special terminology is used in anatomy to prevent misunderstanding
• Anatomical Position


  The standard reference position for describing the location of body parts

  
• Anatomical Position


  • Prone position - face-down
  • Supine position - face-up
  • Posterosuperior view - combines posterior and superior
  • Anterosuperior view

  
• Regional Terms - Anterior body landmarks

  • Cervical
  • Umbilical
  • Pubic (genital)
  • Pelvic
  • Inguinal (groin)
  • Deltoid
  • Digital
  • Lower limb
  • Coxal (hip)
  • Patellar
  • Fibular
  • Pedal (foot)
  • Digital
  • Upper limb
  • Acromial
  • Brachial (arm)
  • Antecubital
  • Antebrachial
  • Carpal (wrist)
  • Manus (hand)
  • Crural (leg)
  • Tarsal (ankle)
  • Femoral (thigh)
  • Cephalic
  • Frontal
  • Orbital
  • Nasal
  • Buccal
  • Oral
  • Mental
  • Thorax
  • Abdomen
• Regional Terms - Posterior body landmarks

  • Gluteal
  • Sacral
  • Lumbar
  • Vertebral
  • Back (dorsal)
  • Scapular
  • Cervical
  • Cephalic
  • Occipital (back of head)
  • Acromial
  • Brachial (arm)
  • Olecranal
  • Antebrachial
  • Manus (hand)
  • Digital
  • Femoral (thigh)
  • Popliteal
  • Sural (calf)
  • Fibular
  • Pedal (foot)
  • Calcaneal
  • Plantar
  • Thorax
  • Abdomen

  
• Superior (cranial or cephalad)


  Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
• Inferior (caudal)


  Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure the body; below
• Ventral (anterior)


  Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
• Dorsal (posterior)


  Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
• Medial


  Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body
• Intermediate


  Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
• Proximal


  Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

  
• Distal


  Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Superficial


  Toward or at the body surface
• Deep


  Away from the body surface; more internal
• Ipsilateral


  On the same side
• Contralateral


  Opposite side
• Anatomical Planes


  • Median (midsagittal) plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse plane
• Anatomical Prefixes


  • abdomin/o - abdomen
  • acr/o - extremity
  • aden/o - gland
  • angi/o - vessel
  • arthr/o - joint
  • cardi/o - heart
  • chondr/o - cartilage
  • cyst/o - bladder
  • cyt/o - cell
  • den/o - tooth
  • dermat/o - skin
  • derm/o - skin
  • duoden/o - duodenum
  • gastro - stomach
  • hepat/o - liver
  • laryng/o - larynx
  • my/o - muscle
  • nephr/o - kidney
  • neur/o - nerve
  • oste/o - bone
  • ot/o - ear
  • path/o - disease
  • rhin/o - nose
  • stomat/o - mouth
  • thorac/o - thorax (chest)
• Body Cavities


  • Dorsal body cavity
  • Cranial cavity - houses the brain
  • Spinal cavity - houses the spinal cord
  • Ventral body cavity
  • Thoracic cavity - houses heart, lungs, and others
  • Abdominopelvic cavity - houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
• Serous Membranes


  • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
  • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
  • Serous fluid separates the serosae
• Abdominopelvic Quadrants


  • Right upper
  • Right lower
  • Left upper
  • Left lower
• Abdominopelvic Regions

  • Right hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left hypochondriac
  • Right lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left lumbar
  • Right iliac (inguinal)
  • Hypogastric
  • Left iliac (inguinal)
• Other Body Cavities


  • Oral and digestive cavities
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Orbital cavities
  • Middle ear cavities
  • Synovial cavities
• Levels of Structural Organization

  • Organismal level - Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
  • Organ system level - Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
  • Organ level - Organs are made up of different types of tissues
  • Tissue level - Tissues consist of similar types of cells
  • Cellular level - Cells are made up of molecules
  • Chemical level - Atoms combine to form molecules
• Integumentary System


  • Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration
  • Excretes salts and urea
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Produces vitamin D
  • Components: Skin, Nails, Hair
• Atoms combine to form molecules

  1. Atoms

  2. Molecules
• Smooth muscle cell


  Cellular level
• Cells are made up of molecules

  1. Molecules

  2. Cells
• Tissues consist of similar types of cells

  Tissue level
• Tissue types


  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
• Organ


  • Blood vessel