skeletal, muscular, sensory, reproductive systems

• Bone functions

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Hemopoiesis (blood formation)
  • Storage

  
• Sesamoid bone


  Extra bones that develop within the tendons after birth

  
• Structures of a typical long bone

  • Articular Cartilage
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
  • Endosteum
  • Epiphyseal Line
  • Epiphyseal Plate
  • Foramen
  • Medullary Canal
  • Periosteum
  • Red Bone Marrow
  • Yellow Bone Marrow

  
• Types of connective tissue in the skeletal system

  • Cartilage
  • Bone

  
• Compact (dense) bone


  Forms the hard outer shell of the bone, prevents bone marrow from seeping out, provides attachment surface for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

  
• Spongy (cancellous) bone


  Consists of a porous lattice of slender rods and plates called trabeculae, the tiny spaces are filled with bone marrow and small blood vessels

  
• Microscopic structure of bone

  • Osteon (Haversian System)
  • Lamella (lamellae pl.)
  • Central Canal (Haversian Canal)
  • Lacunae
  • Canaliculi
  • Osteocytes

  
• Cartilage


  Supportive connective tissue with a rubbery matrix, lacks blood capillaries, gains nutrients and expels waste via slow diffusion
• Bone formation and growth (osteogenesis)

  1. Osteoblasts

  2. Osteoclasts

  3. Endochondral Ossification

  
• Axial skeleton


  Forms the central axis of the body, comprises 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

  
• Appendicular skeleton


  Comprises 126 bones including the upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

  
• There are 206 bones in an adult human skeleton
• Cranial bones


  • Ethmoid Bone
  • Frontal Bone
  • Parietal Bones
  • Occipital Bone
  • Sphenoid Bone
  • Temporal Bones

  
• Functions of skull structures

  • Foramen Magnum
  • Occipital Condyles
  • Mastoid Process
  • Sinus
• Fontanel


  Soft spots of a newborn's skull, represent places where the intramembranous ossification of cranial bones will be, 4 types: Anterior, Posterior, Sphenoid, Mastoid

  
• e


  blunt downward growth that humans palpate, a prominent limb
• Sinus


  Located in the nasal cavity
• Types of sinuses


  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxillary
• Maxillary sinus


  • Reducing the weight of the skull
  • Dampening pressure
  • Humidifying and warming inspired air
  • Absorbing heat and insulating the brain
  • Aiding in sound resonance
  • Providing mechanical rigidity
  • Increasing the olfactory surface area
• Fontanel


  Soft spots of a newborn's skull
• Types of fontanels


  • Anterior fontanel (largest/easiest to palpate)
  • Posterior fontanel
  • Sphenoid fontanels (small on each lateral side of skull)
  • Mastoid fontanels (small on each lateral side of skull)
• Bones of the face

  • Mandible
  • Maxillae
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
  • Conchae
  • Vomer
  • Zygomatic (Jugal)
  • Hyoid

  
• Regions of the vertebral column

  • Cervical Vertebrae
  • Thoracic Vertebrae
  • Lumbar Vertebrae
  • Sacral Vertebrae
  • Coccygeal Vertebrae
• Components of the thorax

  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
• Parts of the sternum

  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xyphoid process
• Types of ribs


  • True Ribs (Vertebrosternal)
  • False Ribs (Vertebrochondral)
  • Floating Ribs (Vertebral)
• Bones of the pectoral girdle

  • Clavicle
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Scapula
  • Sternoclavicular joint

  
• Bones of the brachium and antebrachium

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna

  
• Bones of the manus

  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

  
• The thumb only has 2 phalanges, proximal and distal
• Bones of the pelvis

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Acetabulum
  • Iliac crest
  • Sacroiliac joint
  • Pubic symphysis

  
• Bones of the thigh and crus

  • Femur
  • Fibula
  • Patella
  • Tibia

  
• Bones of the pes

  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular bone

  
• Patella


  Glides up and down on the patellar surface of the femur when knee moves
• Tibia


  The thick, strong bone on the medial side of the leg proper
• The tibia is the only weight-bearing bone in the crural region

  
• Medial malleolus


  The knob on the inferior part of the tibia
• Bones of the pes

  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

  
• Metatarsals


  Numbered I to V beginning with the "Great Toe", Large toe
• Phalanges


  • Great Toe contains 2 bones
  • Phalanges II to V contain proximal, middle, and distal phalanx