Philosophy

• Philosophy


  From Muthos to Logos - From Myth to Logic
• Philosophy began in Ancient Greece

  6th Century
• Philosophy


  Comes from the Greek words Philein (love) and Sophia (wisdom)
• Philosophers became the talk of the town in Athens because of the works of Hesiod and Homer
• Work and Days by Hesiod published

  Around 700 BCE
• The Iliad and The Odyssey are works of Homer
• Stupefaction


  A person is placed in a position of confusion, which reinforces the desire to ask questions
• Questioning


  Indicates that real and genuine knowledge does not end in awe, but pushes us to question many things
• Perennial Search


  Philosophy is a lifetime commitment of seeking meaning
• Philosophy began in 587 BCE in the town of Miletus
• Miletus was a seaport town and was considered to be the center of many things, including business and commerce
• The first philosophers were said to be Milesians
• Philosophy began in wonder, with the first philosophers' real question being about the astonishment at the wonders they observed
• Cosmology


  The study of space and cosmic objects
• Oliver Feltham is the best philosophy historian today, providing a different understanding and clarification of how "thauma" (wonder) can be translated
• Stupefaction


  When a person is stupefied, they are placed in a position of confusion, which reinforces the desire to ask questions
• Stupefaction should lead one to question, and questioning becomes an indication that real and genuine knowledge does not end in awe
• Doubt pushes us to question many things to see that a greater reason is being veiled by what seems to appear before us
• Not all doubts are healthy, as some could lead to skepticism, which is a perspective that is in direct contrast to the spirit of philosophy
• Philosophical question


  A question that touches upon matters related to choice, meaning, and life
• Answers to philosophical questions are perennial
• Pythagoras


  Marked a radical shift from the mythic to the rational, with his idea that the world is governed by a principle that only numbers can provide
• Philosophus


  Everyone is a philosopher, as the term is more of a challenge for anyone who dares to study philosophy
• Philosophy as Science


  Philosophy is scientific in the sense that it requires observation, hypothesis, and other processes, but not in the same way as natural science
• Philosophy as Science of all things

  Philosophy's object is literally everything and every-thing, as it can study anything under the sun as long as the subject is able to generate possible ideas
• Philosophy as Science of all things through its ultimate causes and principles

  Studying any object in philosophy is not a simple matter, as philosophy is not satisfied with answers that can be given via yes or no, and it is also not obsessed with providing the answer right away
• Philosophy as Science of all things through its ultimate causes acquired through the use of Natural Reason


  Philosophizing is an activity without help other than itself, hence it is done only by the use of logic and reasoning, not dependent on any belief
• The significance of philosophy is not on its demonstration of knowledge but in its capacity to focus on the possibilities that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught, as that knowledge could be confirmation of one's ignorance
• Jostein Gardner's novel "Sophie's World" has two narrative sequences: one is the sequence of the unreal, with fictional characters, and the other is the sequence of the real, with only one Sophie Amundsen and her family
• Sophie's world is a world of both the possible and impossible, and as persons, we also live in these zones of both the discernible and the indiscernible
• What we can learn from Sophie is the very question asked of her, "Who am I?", which has been a staple of truth even from the time of Socrates
• Plato's critique of imitation (outlined in his famous book The Republic) is pivotal in demarcating the distinction between mytheme (ideas based on stories) and matheme (ideas based on reason)
• Philosophy's method cannot anymore be a hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature, and it must be consistent after making its own site and field of investigation
• Ontology


  Theory of reality and the nature of being
• Epistemology


  Theory of knowledge
• Ethics


  Theory of what is right or wrong
• Aesthetics


  Theory about the nature and valuation of what is beautiful
• Logic


  Theory of correct reasoning and sound thinking
• Critical Thinking


  • Independent Thinking
  • Proactive Thinking
  • Contextual Thinking
  • Creative Thinking
  • Collaborative Thinking
• Epistemology

  A study on the theory of knowledge, exploring diverse manners and ways by which truth can be achieved and generated