GE11 exams

• Egalitarian


  Men and women have equitable power and roles
• Divine feminine


  The sacredness of a woman due to her ability to conceive children
• Discovery of paternity


  Changed how women are viewed, societies began to give privileges to men over other genders in the productive sphere
• Industrial era


  Only men were allowed to work in the factories as they do not have to bear children for nine months and their perceived physical strength
• Patriarchy


  Social system where men primarily holds power and political, private, and the privilege spheres. A structure that upholds male supremacy and women are expected to obey.
• Patrilineal society


  Only men are allowed/ can inherit property and the family name. Women were left with nothing and are expected them to marry a man who can support them, as they are revered as a weaker sex.
• Sociologists often viewed patriarchy as a social construct and not as a biological phenomenon
• Friedrich Engels argues that patriarchy came about when people started having private properties
• Historical views on gender

  • Greek philosophers viewed women as inferior sex, that are properties of men and the only role is to obey their husbands
  • Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women
  • Confucianism in China had written rules stating that women should obey men, her father, husband, or son throughout her life
• Subtle forms of oppression

  • Sexism - discrimination based on sex
  • Gender pay gap - men earn more than women
  • Underrepresentation
  • Rape on women and the stigma along it, making it hard for women to report the crime against them
  • Very conservative expectations
  • Unrealistic depictions, often sexualized
  • Women do more housework and childcare
  • Boys were trained to be leaders while women to do house chores
• Feminism


  Women liberation movement, women's movement, continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarch society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women
• Waves of feminism


  • First wave in 19th and 20th century
  • Second wave in 1960's through 80's
  • Third wave in 90's
  • Fourth wave in 2012
• According to the United Nations, women do more work than men, because even if they work they are still expected to do more housework
• Women perform 66 percent of the worlds work, 55 percent of the food, but earn 10 of the income and 1 percent of the property
• Feminism demands


  • Women suffrage - the right to vote
  • Equality in politics and society
  • Reproductive rights - women are given the control to their body, and she can decide what best for her
  • Domestic violence - a more comprehensive law against the violence against women (RA9262)
  • Sexual harassment and sexual violence (rape)
  • Other rights including divorce
• Health


  A state of complete physical mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Hygiene


  Behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health such as frequent hand washing, face washing, and bathing with soap and water
• Sexual health


  A state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. It also requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination, and violence
• Reproductive health


  The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes at all stages of life
• Puberty causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent's body. These bodily changes are normal part of developing into an adult. There are instances when these changes can be source of anxiety to the growing teen
• Oily hair


  Each strand of hair has its own sebaceous (oil) gland which keeps the hair shiny and waterproof. But during puberty, when the sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it can make you hair look to shiny, oily and greasy. Washing your hair everyday or every other day can help control oily hair
• Sweat and body odor

  Perspiration, or sweat, comes from sweat glands that you always had in your body. But due to puberty, these glands not only become more active than before, they also begin to secrete different chemicals into the sweat that has a stronger smelling odor. You might notice this odor under your arms in your armpits
• Keeping clean


  1. Bathe or shower everyday using a mild soap and warm water

  2. Wear clean clothes, socks and underwear each day
• Deodorants


  Help get rid of the odor of sweat by covering it up
• Antiperspirants


  Actually stop or dry up perspiration
• Body hair


  Body hair in new places is something you can count on-again they are hormones in action. You may want to start shaving some places where body hair grows, but whether you do is up to you
• Shaving body hair


  1. Use traditional razor with shaving cream or gel

  2. Use an electric razor

  3. Make sure the blade is sharp and new to prevent cuts and nicks

  4. Avoid shaving pubic hair as it may cause irritation and itchiness when it grows back
• Plaque


  The transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth
• Dental hygiene


  1. Brush and floss teeth

  2. Toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, and foaming agents

  3. Fluoride in toothpaste prevents cavities

  4. Brush teeth for a minimum of 2 minutes twice a day

  5. Visit the dentist regularly every 6 months for prevention
• Female healthcare check


  1. Perform self-breast exam a week after last menstrual period

  2. Use soap and clean water to keep external female genitalia clean

  3. Use disposable cotton pad and properly dispose after each use

  4. Wash from vagina towards anus

  5. Be aware of abnormal vaginal fluids and visit health professional if changes in color or odor
• Male healthcare check


  1. Wash external genitalia at least daily with soap and water

  2. Those not circumcised need to pull back foreskin and gently wash with clean water

  3. Be aware of any abnormal fluids or wounds and visit health professional
• Gender studies

  A field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and negotiated in society through gender
• Social Research

  The process of investigating social realities
• Research approach

  • Qualitative (interpretive)
  • Quantitative (deductive)
  • Both
• Ethics in research


  Considerations in conducting research to ensure the well-being of the participants and that the outcome of the study is sound without undue harm to those involved
• Gender studies is not just for women or all about women; it is about everyone. It explores how our gender roles have changed through our history and how it created inequalities.
• Gender roles are socially constructed and are not something that we are "born with".
• Society, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations.
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people often do not fit in the traditional binary gender roles so they are often reprimanded, bullied, and discriminated. They are often subjected to violence and hate just because they do not fit in what society calls "normal".
• Gender Studies as a subject of inquiry

  Utilizes a systematic approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and assumptions, gathering data, and making conclusions. This systematic process is referred to as the research process.