ICT

• Computer


  A programmable machine, an electronic device that manipulates information or data, has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data, a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program), any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations
• Business


  Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both within and outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with customers.
• Education


  Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be used to maintain and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects and assignments.
• Healthcare


  Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical information making it easier to store and access patient data, complex information can also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.
• Retail and Trade


  Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too, using sites such as eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent websites.
• Government


  Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers can be used to store information, promote services, and communicate internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes.
• Marketing


  Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. They can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat.
• Science


  Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science, computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data. Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced technology.
• Publishing


  Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market publications and track sales.
• Arts and Entertainment


  Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the wider entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. They can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. They can be used for playing games.
• Communication


  Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and news organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software like Skype. Older communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.
• Banking and Finance


  Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards. You can also use computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed information on customer behaviour which is used to streamline marketing.
• Transport


  Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures.
• Navigation


  Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map, and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around you.
• Working from Home


  Computers have made working from home and other forms of remote working increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and share information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor workers' productivity remotely.
• Military


  Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training purposes. They are used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. They work with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They aid communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy forces.
• Social and Romance


  Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn't previously exist. Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances, as well as exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help people to find romance. Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests. Blogs enable people to post a variety of views, updates, and experiences. Online forums enable discussions between people on specialist or general topics.
• Booking Vacations


  Computers can be used by travellers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers.
• Security and Surveillance


  Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or criminals in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. Private security systems have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet technology.
• Weather Forecasting


  The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information.
• Robotics


  Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. One of the first uses of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help t
• Weather Forecasting


  • The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing
  • It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future
  • Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information
• Robotics


  • Combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do
  • One of the first uses of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars
  • Robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals
• Computers


  Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers
• Tally sticks

  • An ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages
• Abacus

  A mechanical tool designed to assist with mathematical calculations, first utilized in China around 500 B.C. for basic arithmetic operations
• Napier's Bones

  • A device invented in 1614 that enabled operators to perform multiplication, division, and calculate square and cube roots by manipulating rods and placing them on specially designed boards
• Slide Rule


  • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622, built upon Napier's concepts regarding logarithms, mainly utilized for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry, but generally not employed for addition or subtraction
• Pascaline

  • A device invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, limited to addition and subtraction, which was also noted for its high cost
• Stepped Reckoner

  • A machine invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672, capable of performing automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
• Jacquard Loom

  • An automatic loom controlled by punched cards, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801
• Arithmometer

  • A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, the first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine, capable of performing the four basic mathematical functions
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

  • Automatic, mechanical calculators designed to tabulate polynomial functions, invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834, considered the first mechanical computer
• First Computer Programmer

  • Augusta Ada Byron suggested to Babbage that he use the binary system, and she also wrote programs for the Analytical Engine in 1840
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine

  • The first printing calculator, invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843, based on Charles Babbage's difference engine
• Tabulating Machine

  • A machine invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 to aid in summarizing information and accounting
• Harvard Mark 1


  • The first electro-mechanical computer, invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943, also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
• Z1

  • The first programmable computer, created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938, required users to insert punch tape into a punch tape reader, and all output was generated through punch tape as well
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

  • The first electronic digital computing device, invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942
• ENIAC

  • The first electronic general-purpose computer, developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, completed in 1946