AP World History 6.1-6.3

• Social Darwinism


  A growing sense of racial superiority that applied Darwin's own idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. Europeans were supposedly superior to all the other races and were meant to dominate the other races since they have proven themselves worthy, therefore making them the top of the pinnacle.
• Civilizing mission


  Since Europeans were racially superior, as the superior race it was their duty to help those of lesser races reach civilization. Europeans achieved this through spreading the blessings of Western civilization, such as medicine, law, and Christian religion. Viewing those of lesser races as "Godless heathens".
• How Social Darwinism contributed to imperialism 1750-1900

  Social Darwinism was used by Europeans to justify the unspeakable actions committed toward those of foreign nations. As the superior race it was their duty to help those who are inferior. By helping them reach civilization, they meant taking their land to acquire sources of raw materials that would be used for their own benefit. Imposing western politics that worked in their favor and indirectly ruling through existing governments that followed their order and met theirs wants.
• How nationalism contributed to imperialism 1750-1900

  The sense of unity among the civilians brought them to want to stop other nations from expanding, take territories before another nation had a chance to take it, and supposedly increase national security for the good of the nation.
• Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
• Non-state to state colonial control

  • Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government
  • Shift from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia
• European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
• European states that expanded empires in Africa

  • Britain in West Africa
  • Belgium in the Congo
  • French in West Africa
• Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
• Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires.
• Settler colonies established in empires

  • New Zealand
  • Hawaii
• The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories.
• Territories acquired by the US 1750-1900

  • Florida
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Oregon Country
  • Mexican Cession
  • Gadsden Purchase
  • Alaska
  • Samoa
  • Midway
  • Hawaii
  • Cuba
  • Puerto Rico
  • Panama
  • Palmyra
  • Johnston
  • Wake
  • Guam
  • Philippines
• Territories acquired by Japan 1750-1900


  • Korea
  • Manchuria
  • Inner Mongolia
  • Eastern coast of China
  • Taiwan
  • Hainan
  • Tongking
  • Burma
  • Thailand
  • Philippines
  • Macao
  • British Malaya
  • French Indochina
  • Netherlands East Indies
• The revolutions in the Americas and the fact that Spain and Portugal didn't industrialize earlier left them at a disadvantage. Leaving them vulnerable to having their colonies taken from them as well as their land. Causing them to engage in war, only to lose to better, and more advanced weaponry.
• Settler colony


  A type of colonialism in which foreign settlers move or permanently reside in their non-native land in order to strengthen the dominance of a Colonial Power. Often used as a tool by the colonial power to permanently replace or marginalize the pre-existing population of a region in cases when the land has been previously inhabited. Settler colonialism lasts indefinitely, except in the rare events of complete evacuation or settler decolonization.
• Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.
• Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
• Direct resistance


  • Túpac Amaru II rebellion in Peru
  • Samory Touré's military battles in West Africa
  • Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa
  • 1857 rebellion in India
• New states


  • Establishment of independent states in the Balkans
  • Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria
  • Cherokee Nation
  • Zulu Kingdom
• Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.
• Rebellions


  • Ghost Dance in the U.S.
  • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa
  • Mahdist wars in Sudan
• The uprising was fully suppressed by the middle of 1858. As a result of the rebellion, Britain took over the East India Company's colonies. In 1858, all of India became a crown colony of the British. 300 million Indians were suddenly British subjects. In 1877, Queen Victoria was recognized as Empress of India. Raw materials flowed to Britain; finished products flowed back to India. Upper castes were taught English and expected to adopt English customs. Christianity spread, railroads and canals were built, urbanization increased, which was all at the expense of Indian culture and institutions.
• How the Indian Revolt of 1857 would influence later events in India in the 20th century

  The revolts created a sense of nationalism among the people, leading to further resistance against the continuing European encroachment. Also leading the upper castes to dream about an independent nation. Causing them to rally support to ignite more resistance movements against Europeans.
• Settler colony


  A type of colony established by a foreign power through the immigration of large numbers of settlers, who typically establish a new society on the colonized land.
• New Zealand


  Established as a British colony in 1840, through the Treaty of Waitangi between the British Crown and Maori chiefs. Predominantly a settler colony, with a large number of British settlers arriving in the mid-19th century.
• South Africa


  Established as a Dutch colony in 1652, known as the Cape Colony, and later became a British colony in 1806. Predominantly a slave colony initially, with a significant number of slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Later, it became a settler colony with the arrival of Dutch, German, and French settlers, known as the Boers or Afrikaners.
• Direct resistance within empires


  Efforts by people within an empire to resist or challenge its control, such as rebellions, uprisings, or protests
• Creation of new states on the peripheries


  Formation of new states or political entities on the edges of empires, often as a result of people breaking away from imperial control. This can occur through various means, such as revolution, secession, or negotiation.
• Ghost Dance


  A religious movement that swept through Native American tribes in the late 19th century, centered on the belief that a ritual dance would bring about a rebirth of the native culture and a removal of the white man from their lands.
• Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement


  A religious movement that took place in Southern Africa in the mid-19th century, in which the Xhosa people were instructed by prophets to kill their cattle and destroy their crops in order to bring about a new world free of colonialism and hardship.
• How the ideology of nationalism contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900

  1. Sense of unity among civilians

  2. Wanting to stop other nations from expanding

  3. Taking territories before another nation had a chance

  4. Supposedly increasing national security for the good of the nation
• 1. Give a specific example of a state that strengthened their control over existing colonies.

  The Dutch East Indies that were formerly under the control of the Dutch East India Company, experienced harsh conditions under the control of the Dutch government. The Dutch government looked to expand their global standing in the market, fighting various wars with indigenous rulers to gain control of their land. Enforced the exploitation of labor to gain profit on resources. This contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th century.
• Indian Revolt of 1857


  In the first half of the 19th century, Britain extended its control of India. The East India Company relied on traditional princes and other rulers through indirect rule in many regions, and took direct control in other regions to tax the land more effectively. This angered both poor peasants and wealthy aristocratic landowners. In 1857, rumors spread that new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, leading to a violent rebellion by some sepoys who killed English residents in Meerut and marched to Delhi to appeal to the Mughal emperor to lead them. This led to terrible atrocities committed by both sides.
• Resource export economies


  The growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
• Resource export economies


  • Cotton production in Egypt
  • Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin
  • The palm oil trade in West Africa
  • The guano industries in Peru and Chile
  • Meat from Argentina and Uruguay
  • Diamonds from Africa
• Economic imperialism


  A country taking over and extending power over another country for economic gains, different from previous imperialism which revolved around the expansion of state and the spread of religious beliefs
• Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America
• Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism

  • Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars
  • The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms
• Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage