UNIT 5: TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IN TOURISM INDUSTRY

• Pre-Industrial Travel System Era -This was a time before big factories in Europe and North America and before trains were built. There weren't many options for public transport, and people didn't travel much.
• Early-Industrial Travel System Era - The rapid industrialization and advancements in transportation technology during this period led to significant improvements in roads, including the construction of railways, canals, and steamship services. As a result, common carriers emerged and started providing regularly scheduled transportation services.
• Mature Railway System Era - During this era, railways played a prominent role and expanded their operations by offering additional travel-related services, such as running hotels.
• Mature Railway System Era - They also adopted more aggressive marketing strategies to promote their services to a wider audience.
• Express Travel System Era - In this era, there was a notable increase in express services, where trains and other modes of transportation would bypass smaller stations and terminals, only stopping at major ones.
• Express Travel System Era - This approach significantly enhanced travel speed and subsequently encouraged more people to embark on journeys, surpassing the levels seen in previous times.
• Automobile Based Travel System Era - From the 1920s onwards, the influence of privately-owned automobiles experienced a significant boost in North America and Europe. Car ownership skyrocketed, particularly in North America.
• Automobile Based Travel System Era - During the latter half of this era, which spanned from 1920 to 1974, the development of motorways, interstate highways, and other truck highways became prominent features of the transportation landscape.
• Modern Tourism Travel System Era -The period between 1945 and 1974 is commonly referred to as the modern tourism system era. During this time, car ownership experienced rapid growth, leading to a decline in the popularity of long-distance rail travel.
• Modern Tourism Travel System Era -Additionally, the introduction of wide-bodied jets in 1970 had a significant impact on the travel industry, greatly boosting the prevalence of air travel.
• Post Mobility Adjustment Era - The post-mobility adjustment era commenced in 1973 to 1974 due to the oil embargo imposed by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which led to a substantial rise in fuel prices
• Post Mobility Adjustment Era - This energy crisis had a profound impact on travel patterns worldwide, fundamentally altering the way people traveled.
• Airline Industry - encompasses the activities and operations related to the transportation of passengers and cargo by air.
• Airline Industry - It includes the management of airlines, the operation of aircraft, ticketing and reservation systems, airport services, and adherence to regulatory requirements.
• Airline Industry - This industry plays a vital role in facilitating both domestic and international travel, serving as a vital link for connecting people and goods across various locations globally.
• On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers made history by successfully flying their powered aircraft, the Wright Flyer, for the first time. This milestone event in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina marked the beginning of modern aviation and transformed the way we travel.
• Full-Service Airlines: These airlines offer a wide range of services to passengers, including meals, entertainment, and checked baggage. They typically operate on both domestic and international routes.
• Low-Cost Carriers: Focus on providing affordable air travel by offering no-frills services. They often have lower fares but may charge extra for additional services such as baggage and in-flight meals.
• Regional Airlines: operate shorter flights within a specific region or between smaller airports. They often partner with larger airlines to provide feeder services to connect passengers to major hubs
• Charter Airlines: operate on a charter basis, meaning they provide flights for specific groups or individuals, such as vacation packages or corporate travel. These flights are not scheduled like regular airlines.
• Cargo Airlines: Cargo airlines specialize in transporting freight and cargo. They play a crucial role in the transportation of goods and operate separate from passenger airlines.
• Virtual Airlines: Virtual airlines are online-based and simulate the operations of real-world airlines. They allow aviation enthusiasts to experience virtual flight operations and simulate various airline procedures.
• Freedoms of the Air: are rules that allow airlines from one country to fly into and land in another country's airspace.
• Freedoms of the Air: These were created during a 1944 meeting, the Chicago Convention, due to debates about how much airlines should be allowed to compete internationally. These freedoms form the basis of global commercial flight routes.
• The words "freedom" and "right" make it sound official, but they really just reflect changing business and political situations over time.
• Airline Deregulation is the process of removing government regulations and controls on the airline industry. It allows airlines to set their own fares, operate on their preferred routes, and encourages competition.
• The Railway Industry - refers to the sector that encompasses the construction, operation, and maintenance of railways and associated infrastructure. It involves the transportation of passengers and goods using trains or rail-based systems
• The Eurail - also known as the Eurail Pass, is a rail pass that allows unlimited train travel within participating European countries. It provides flexibility and convenience for travelers to explore multiple destinations without the need to purchase individual tickets.
• Eurail Passes - are a type of rail pass that allow unlimited train travel within participating European countries.
• Global Pass: This pass allows unlimited train travel in all participating countries. It is available for various durations, such as 15 days, 1 month, 2 months, or 3 months.
• One Country Pass: This pass allows unlimited train travel within a single country. It is available for many European countries, including popular destinations like France, Italy, Germany, and Spain.
• Regional Pass: This pass allows unlimited train travel within a specific region or group of countries. Examples include the Eurail Select Pass, which covers a combination of countries, or the Benelux Pass, which covers Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
• Flexi Pass: This pass allows a specific number of travel days within a set period
• Youth Pass: This pass is available at a discounted rate for travelers aged 27 or younger. It offers the same benefits as the regular Eurail Passes.
• Senior Pass: This pass is available at a discounted rate for travelers aged 60 or older. It also offers the same benefits as the regular Eurail Passes.
• Undersea railway tunnels: are tunnels built under water to connect two land areas. They allow trains to travel directly between the land without needing ferries or bridges. These tunnels are complex engineering projects that reduce travel time and improve connectivity between regions or countries.
• Shin-Kanmon Tunnel: The Shin-Kanmon Tunnel is an 18.713-kilometer (11.628 mi) long undersea railway tunnel under the Kanmon Straits, connecting ShinShimonoseki Station and Kokura Station in Japan. It is the longest tunnel section on the Sanyo/Tokaido Shinkansen line.
• Shin-Kanmon Tunnel: an 18.713-kilometer (11.628 mi) long undersea railway tunnel under the Kanmon Straits, connecting ShinShimonoseki Station and Kokura Station in Japan. It is the longest tunnel section on the Sanyo/Tokaido Shinkansen line.
• Marmaray Tunnel: is a 13.5 km (8.4 mi) long undersea railway tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey, beneath the Bosphorus Strait. It connects Kazlıçeşme and Zeytinburnu in Europe with Ayrılık Çeşmesi in Asia.
• Channel Tunnel: also known as the "Chunnel," is the world's longest undersea railway tunnel. It connects England and France, with a length of 50.4 km (31.4 mi), including its undersea portion.