rws lesson 2

• Cohesion


  The unity of ideas in a paragraph, where every detail supports the main idea
• When a paragraph or text lacks cohesion, readers may find it challenging to determine how the ideas are related
• Coherence


  The quality of being logical and well-organized, where details follow a certain logical order
• Cohesion relates to the micro level of the text (words and sentences), while coherence relates to the macro level (organization and connection of ideas)
• Transitional devices


  Help connect words and allow smooth flow between sentences and paragraphs by linking thoughts
• Types of transitional devices

  • Adding information
  • Sequencing information
  • Emphasizing information
  • Contrasting information
  • Giving examples or evidence
  • Explaining results or consequences
  • Providing explanations or reasons
  • Drawing conclusions or summarizing
• Adding information


  Using cohesive devices to add more information or introduce a new related point
• Sequencing information


  Using cohesive devices to show the order or sequence of points or ideas
• Cohesive devices for sequencing information


  • Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Finally
  • Next/Then/After that/Subsequently
  • Before/After/During/While
  • Meanwhile/Simultaneously
• Emphasizing information


  Using cohesive devices to emphasize a point or show its importance
• Cohesive devices for emphasizing information


  • Above all/Most importantly
  • Especially/Particularly/Specifically
  • Indeed/In fact/Actually
• Contrasting information


  Using cohesive devices to show a contrast or difference between points or ideas
• Cohesive devices for contrasting information


  • But/However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless
  • On the other hand/On the contrary/Conversely
  • Although/Even though/Though/Despite/In spite of
• Giving examples or evidence


  Using cohesive devices to introduce specific examples or evidence to support points or arguments
• Cohesive devices for giving examples or evidence


  • For example/For instance/To illustrate
  • Such as/Like/Including
  • According to/Based on/In terms of
• Explaining results or consequences


  Using cohesive devices to show the result or consequence of something mentioned
• Cohesive devices for explaining results or consequences


  • As a result/Consequently/Therefore/Thus
  • For this reason/Because of this/That is why
  • So/Then
• Providing explanations or reasons


  Using cohesive devices to introduce causes or reasons for something mentioned
• Cohesive devices for providing explanations or reasons


  • Because/Since/As
  • Owing to/Due to/Because of
  • In order to/So as to/So that
• Drawing conclusions or summarizing


  Using cohesive devices to restate main points or arguments and give opinions or recommendations
• Cohesive devices for drawing conclusions or summarizing


  • In conclusion/To conclude/To sum up
  • In short/In brief/In summary
  • All in all/Overall/On the whole