LMT Reviewer

• World of Region


  A group of countries located in the same geographical specific area "or are an amalgamation of two regions or a combination of more then two regions" Organized to regulate and "over see flows and policy Choices
• Regionalization


  Regional concentration of economic flows and is the process of dividing on area into smaller segment called regions
• Regionalism


  A political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries
• Regionalism alliances for military defense

  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Western European countries plus the United States
  • Warsaw Pact - Eastern European countries under Soviet Domination
• Global Divide


  The gap between the wealthy industrialized countries (Global North) and the poor developing countries (Global South)
• The terms Global North and Global South split the world in half both geographically mainly in wealth and development
• Global North holds all the countries north of Equator in the Northern Hemisphere and the Global South contains all of the countries south of the equator in the Southern Hemisphere
• Generally, Global North includes the countries of United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand and developing parts of Asia, while Global South is made up of African, the Caribbean, Latin America, South America and parts of Asia including the Middle East
• As countries become developed economically, they may become part of the North, regardless of geographical location
• Globalization and inequality are closely related, as we can see how the various countries are divided, the north and the south, first and third world, developed and less developed, core and periphery
• Regionalism


  Regions are not simply pre-given, policy-driven or interstate frameworks. Instead, they are 'made and unmade' societal constructs developed through collective human action and identity
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)


  A regional organization with the 10-member countries of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam working together to advance economic and security cooperation
• The ASEAN nations have a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of $3.2 trillion and a total population of 662 million
• The ASEAN group participated in discussions to create the largest free trade agreement in the world and signed six free trade agreements with other regional nations, playing a crucial role in Asian economic integration
• Mass media


  Facilitates widespread communication across global audiences, overcoming physical barriers. It enables the dissemination of messages and ideas to a large number of people simultaneously and instantly, transcending geographical limitations
• Types of media


  • Print media (books, magazines, newspapers)
  • Broadcast media (radio, film, television)
  • Digital media (internet-based platforms, mobile communication)
  • Internet media (email, websites, social media, online video/audio platforms)
  • News media (news features, reviews)
  • Web media (videos, photos, graphics, podcasts, blogs, websites)
• Advancements in communication technology have fueled globalization, facilitating interconnectedness across economies, governments, societies, and cultures
• Cultural homogenization


  Western cultural products, such as Hollywood movies and pop music, wield significant influence globally, shaping perceptions and preferences across continents
• Global village


  The world as a closely interconnected community facilitated by advancements in technology and communication, fostering a sense of togetherness and familiarity despite geographical distances
• Cyber ghettoes


  The fragmentation of the internet into isolated spaces based on ideology, nationality, or interests, leading to "cyberbalkanization" and confining individuals within echo chambers that reinforce their existing beliefs and biases
• Religion holds significant importance in the lives of Filipinos, shaping their values, attitudes, characters, and perspectives
• Effects of globalization on religion

  • Promoting religious pluralism
  • Facilitating the spread of beliefs
  • Forming transnational networks
  • Challenging traditional authority
  • Sparking resistance in the form of fundamentalism
• Religious nationalism


  The rise of religious politics globally reflecting a perceived inadequacy of secular nationalism in addressing public values and moral communities in an interconnected world
• The significance of religious identity has increased on public university campuses, leading to both positive developments and challenges
• Globalization can disrupt social, economic, and political systems, potentially leading to increased political unrest and terrorism, particularly in regions like the Middle East and North Africa
• Global migration has led to the deterritorialization of religion, blurring the boundaries between cultures and bringing religious traditions to new places
• Global migration has also resulted in the Easternization of the West, where Western societies adopt and are influenced by Eastern religio
• Based on political unrest and terrorism, particularly in regions like the Middle East and North Africa, extremist groups may resort to violence in the name of religion, as seen in events like the Marawi siege
• Religiosity


  Variability in how it is defined and measured among scholars, with discrepancies between individuals' beliefs and behaviors
• Globalization


  May contribute to heightened individual religiosity, reflecting personal experiences, beliefs, and sense of belonging
• Deterritorialization of religion


  Global migration has led to the blurring of boundaries between cultures and bringing religious traditions to new places, evident in migrant communities like China Towns or the spread of religious groups like the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) from the Philippines to the US
• Easternization of the West


  Global migration has resulted in Western societies adopting and being influenced by Eastern religions and beliefs, including the migration of Eastern religions to the West and the increase in believers of Asian religions in Western countries
• Advancements in technology, media, and the free flow of information have influenced religious beliefs globally, with some individuals abandoning traditional religious practices and others using platforms like social media for evangelism. Terrorist organizations also exploit religion for political agendas, utilizing platforms like Facebook for spreading their ideologies
• Glocalization


  Manifests in four distinct ways: Vernacularization, Indigenization, Nationalization, and Transnationalization
• Vernacularization


  Blending universal religions with local languages, such as Arabic being used as Islam's sacred language beyond the Arab world, and Greek and Latin remaining primary languages of Christianity
• Indigenization


  Universal religions are adapted to suit the specifics of particular ethnic groups, such as various ethnic groups in the Zamboanga Peninsula practicing Islam with their own cultural nuances
• Nationalization


  Establishing a connection between the nation and the church, as seen in examples like the Philippine Independent Church, which modifies religious identification to reflect national identity, such as Greek Orthodox Christianity
• Transnationalization


  Complementing religious nationalism, this focuses on identifying specific religious traditions of a national homeland, real or imagined, as exemplified by the Iglesia ni Cristo, which is nationally rooted but has an international reach, maintaining a Filipino identity in its origins and central authority
• The globalization of religion has led to both conflict and peace. Conflict arises due to increased competition between religious groups, spread of fundamentalism and extremism, cultural clashes, exacerbation of existing political conflicts, and tensions between different religious and ethnic groups. While globalization facilitates the spread of religious ideas, it's crucial to acknowledge the associated risks and challenges
• The Arab Spring, a series of pro-democracy uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa starting in 2010, had significant religious dimensions, leading to the rise of Islamist movements in several countries and the emergence of Islamic modernism as an attempt to reconcile Islamic faith with modern values. Despite challenges, globalization of religion has potential to foster peace by promoting interfaith dialogue, advocating for shared values and human rights, and supporting global networks of religious organizations