PurComm

• Communication


  A process of mutual interaction of people through sensory stimuli. It is a two-way process which occurs in an orderly and systematic sequence that involves giving and receiving ideas, feelings, and attitudes between two or more persons and results in a response.
• Communication process


  The guide toward realizing effective communication
• Elements of communication process

  • Sender
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
  • Adjustment
  • Noise
• Sender


  A person, group, or organization who initiates communication. She may be called the source, encoder, speaker, writer or communicator.
• Message


  An element transmitted in communication. It may consist of the idea, opinion, information, feeling, or attitude of the sender.
• Channel


  A pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach its destination.
• Receiver


  A person who receives, analyses, understands, and interprets the message. She can also be called the decoder, reader, or listener.
• Feedback


  The receiver's response that provides information to the sender.
• Adjustment


  Done if the message is distorted or is not clearly understood by the receiver.
• Noise


  A form of a distortion, barrier, or obstacle that occurs in any phases of the oral communication process.
• Communication models


  • Shannon and Weaver model
  • Berlo's SMCR model
  • Osgood Schramm's model
  • Saussure's model
  • Aristotle's model
• Shannon and Weaver model


  • The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies
  • Two-way process
• Berlo's SMCR model


  • The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars
  • Linear
  • Specific Model of communication which involves the different factors that affect the different elements
• Osgood Schramm's model


  • The speaker and the receiver do the function of both the receiver and the sender and vice versa
  • Two-way process
• Saussure's model


  • Speech Circuit Model
  • Active speaker and a passive listener
  • Involves the mouth, the ears, and the brain
• Aristotle's model


  • More focused on public speaking
  • Presence of an occasion
  • There is an effect in the model
• Principles of communication (7Cs)

  • Clarity
  • Concise
  • Concrete
  • Correct
  • Coherent
  • Complete
  • Courteous
• Verbal communication


  A form of transmitting messages using word symbols in representing ideas and objects which comes in two forms: oral and written.
• Factors affecting verbal communication

  • Tone of voice
  • Use of descriptive words
  • Emphasis on certain phrases
  • Volume of voice
• Non-verbal communication


  A form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to another person using methods or means other than the spoken language. It involves non-verbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and her or his use of the environment and that have the potential message value for the source or receiver.
• Functions of non-verbal communication

  • Used to repeat the verbal message
  • Often used to accent a verbal message
  • Often complements the verbal message but also many contradict
  • Regulate interactions
  • May substitute for the verbal message, especially if is blocked by noise or interruption
• Aspects of communication


  • Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives (academics, professional, personal, civic)
  • Communication meets needs (physical, instrumental, relational, identity)
  • Communication is guided by culture and context
  • Communication is learned
  • Communication has ethical implications
• Five steps to the communication process in the workplace

  • Creation
  • Transmission
  • Reception
  • Translation
  • Response
• Issues in communication


  • Content
  • Process
  • Context
• Principles of communication


  • Principle of clarity
  • Principle of attention
  • Principle of feedback
  • Principle of informality
  • Principle of consistency
  • Principle of timeliness
  • Principle of adequacy
• Considerations in ethical communication

  • Ethical communicators are respectful of their audience
  • Ethical communicators consider the consequences of their communication
  • Ethical communicators respect the truth
  • Ethical communicators use information properly
  • Ethical communicators do not falsify information
  • Ethical communicators respect the rights of others to information
• Intercultural communication


  Interaction with people from diverse cultures
• Forms of intercultural communication

  • Interracial communication
  • Interethnic communication
  • International communication
  • Intra-cultural communication
• Maxim of Relation


  Every interlocutor should be relevant in conversation, requiring them to respond based on cultural and contextual requirements
• Maxim of Quantity


  Every interlocutor should observe a "fair-share-talk of time", be brief and give others the chance to talk
• Maxim of Quality


  Every interlocutor should maintain what is true in a given conversation, do not add or deduce information, and always maintain a good reputation
• Maxim of Manner


  In the local culture, the manner of saying word is more regarded than its content, and body language meanings vary greatly from culture to culture
• Sets of common body language in multicultural setting

  • Shaking hands
  • OK sign
  • Thumbs-up
  • Sitting with crossed legs
  • Eye contact
  • Nodding the head
  • Tugging the earlobes
• Dialect


  A geographical variant of a language, characterized by systematic features that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language
• Sociolect


  A variety of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any other social group
• Idiolect


  The distinctive speech pattern of an individual, a linguistic pattern regarded as unique among speakers of a person's language or dialect
• Slang


  Words that are not considered part of the standard vocabulary of a language and that are used very informally in speech especially by a particular group of people
• Jargon


  A set of vocabulary items used by members of particular professions, that is, their technical terms
• Pidgin


  Simplified languages that occur from two or more languages, used as a contact language for communication purposes
• Creole


  A 'normal' language that has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language