Ch 47

• Carnivores


  Primarily eat other animals
• Non-synthesizable molecules


  Considered essential nutrients
• Humans require known vitamins
• Humans cannot make vitamin K
• Mineral classes

  • Macrominerals
  • Trace minerals
• Iron deficiency anemia causes weakness
• The longitudinal layer contracts
• Expulsion from the Large Intestine
• Vertebrates


  • Diverse structural and functional variations
• Common modifications of vertebrates

  • Teeth
• Ruminants

  • Have a complex four-chambered stomach
• Carnivores


  Primarily eat other animals
• Non-synthesizable molecules


  Considered essential nutrients
• Humans require known vitamins
• Humans cannot make vitamin K
• Iron deficiency anemia causes weakness
• Vertebrates


  • Diverse structural and functional variations
• Common modifications of vertebrates

  • Teeth
• All organisms require sources of matter and energy for metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction.

  For animals, meeting these nutritional requirements involves feeding, the uptake of food from the surroundings
• Animal nutrition includes the processes by which food is ingested, digested, and absorbed into body cells and fluids
• Ingestion is the feeding method used to take food into the digestive cavity
• Digestion is the splitting of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in foods into chemical subunits for absorption
• Aborption is food being brought into cells of the organism via subunits
• What are the three modes of nutrition?

  Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
• Herbivores:

  • Examples consist of antelopes, horses, bison, giraffes, kangaroos, manatees, and grasshoppers
  • obtain organic molecules primarily by eating plants
• Carnivores:

  • cats, Tasmanian devils, penguins, sharks, and spiders
  • primarily eat other animals
• Omnivores:

  • crows, cockroaches, and humans
  • with appropriate digestive enzymes, may consume any source of organic matter
• Animals need organic molecules as a source of energy and as building blocks for making complex biological molecules
• Energy requirements are described in terms of calories

  • A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1 degree Celsius
  • A kilocalorie [1 kcal=4.2 kilojoules] equals 1,000 calories or 1 Calorie.
• Carbohydrates contain about 4.2 kcal/g, fats about 9.5 kcal/g, and proteins about 4.1 kcal/g
• Animals whose intake of organic fuels is inadequate, or whose assimilation of such fuels is abnormal, suffer from undernutrition
• Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition, a condition resulting from an improper diet
• Overnutrition, the condition caused by excessive intake of specific nutrients, is another type of malnutrition
• Undernutrition

  An animal suffering from undernutrition is starving for one or more nutrients – taking in fewer calories than needed for daily activities

  • Animals with chronic undernutrition lose weight because they have to use energy-providing molecules of their own bodies as fuels
  • Mammals use stored fats and glycogen first, then proteins – use of proteins as fuel leads to muscle wastage and, in the long term, organ and brain damage, which leads to death
• Essential Nutrients are non-synthesizable molecules that are essential for building blocks for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These nutrients can't be produced within the body so they must supplement these through their diet

  • Some examples of essential nutrients are amino acids, vitamins, essential minerals, essential fatty acids.
• The 9 essential amino acids are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, lysine and histidine.

  • These can be found in meat, eggs, fish, cheese, and milk.
  • If there is a deficiency, there is ineffective protein synthesis
• Vitamins are organic molecules required in small quantities that the animal cannot synthesize for itself – many are coenzymes, nonprotein organic subunits that assist in enzymatic catalysis.

  • Humans require 13 known vitamins in which many act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions
• Vitamins are classified in 2 groups: water-soluble vitamins (not stored, excess is secreted in urine) and fat-soluble vitamins (stored in adipose tissues)
• Fat Soluble vitamins include Vitamin A (retinol), D, E (tocopherol), K
• Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), Biotin, C (ascorbic acid), folic acid, niacin, and pantothenic acid.