sleep con

• Consciousness


  The individual's current awareness of external and internal stimuli of events in the environment and of body sensations, memories and thoughts

  
• Consciousness exists whenever there is a change from an ordinary pattern of mental functioning to a state that seems different to the person experiencing the change
• Consciousness


  The awareness of various cognitive processes that operate in daily lives: making decisions, remembering, daydreaming, concentrating, reflecting, sleeping and dreaming others
• Consciousness includes the thoughts, feelings and perceptions that arise when one is awake and reasonably alert
• Examples of consciousness

  • Reading
  • Watching TV
  • Reporting
  • Interaction
• Altered state of consciousness


  A condition or mental state which differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness
• Examples of altered states of consciousness

  • Sleep
  • Meditation
  • Hallucinations
  • Alcohol/Drugs
• Two aspects of consciousness

  • Monitoring ourselves and our environment so that percepts, memories and thoughts are represented in awareness
  • Controlling ourselves and our environment so that we are able to initiate and terminate behavior and cognitive activities
• Selective attention


  Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
• Preconscious memories


  Specific memories of personal events as well as the information collected over a lifetime, and these memories are accessible to consciousness
• Automaticity


  Habituation of response that initially requires conscious attention
• Unconscious


  A level of mental activity that contains unacceptable memories, impulses (sexual and aggressive), and desires of which the individual is unaware of
• Freudian slip


  Unintentional remarks that are assumed to reveal hidden impulses
• Dissociation


  Condition where under certain conditions, some thoughts and actions become split off or dissociated from the rest of consciousness and function outside of awareness
• Circadian rhythm


  A regular biological rhythm that follows a 24-hour period, part of the body's internal clock that runs in the background to carry out essential functions and processes
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)


  The tiny cluster of neurons in the lower region of the hypothalamus that receives input from the retina regarding light cycles and is involved in regulating the biological clock

  
• The SCN is the master pacemaker, its activity correlates with circadian rhythms, lesions of SCN abolish free-running rhythms, isolated SCN continues to cycle, and transplanted SCN imparts rhythm of the donor
• Restoration and recovery theory


  A person sleeps to restore bodily functions in terms of repair and regeneration because metabolic system decreases about 15% when a person is asleep, facilitating biosynthesis and restocking energy reserves
• Physiological functions of sleep

  • Metabolic rate
  • Heart rate
  • Respiratory rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Secretions of insulin, testosterone, glucose level
• Psychological functions of sleep

  • Attention
  • Information processing
  • Memory
  • Mood regulation
  • Problem solving
  • Thinking skills
  • Creativity
• Stages of sleep cycle

  • Rapid eye movement (REM)
  • Non-REM

  
• REM sleep


  Typified by rapid eye movements, fluctuating heart and respiratory rates, increased or fluctuating blood pressure, loss of skeletal muscle tone, increased gastric secretions, and mental restoration

  
• Sleep requirements by age

  • Newborns (0-2 months): 14-17 hours
  • Infants (3-12 months): 12-16 hours
  • Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours
  • Preschool (3-5 years): 10-13 hours
  • School age (6-12 years): 9-11 hours
  • Teenagers (13-17 years): 8-10 hours
  • Young adults (18-25 years): 7-9 hours
  • Adults (26-64 years): 7-9 hours
  • Older adults (65+ years): 7-8 hours

  
• Sleeping disorders


  Conditions that affect sleep, including insomnia, parasomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnia, periodic limb movement disorder, and sleep apnea

  
• Insomnia


  A sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep, including primary and secondary insomnia

  
• Parasomnias


  • Nightmares
  • Night terrors
  • Sleepwalking
  • Sleep talking
  • Confusional arousals
  • Nocturnal leg cramps
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Sleep bruxism
  • Sleep enuresis

  
• Narcolepsy


  A rare long-term brain condition that can prevent a person from choosing when to wake or sleep

  
• Hypersomnia


  Medical conditions in which you repeatedly feel excessively tired during the day or sleep longer than usual at night
• Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)


  Repetitive limb movements that occur during sleep and cause sleep disruption
• Types of sleep apnea

  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Central sleep apnea
  • Complex sleep apnea

  
• Dreaming


  Most dreams last about 5 to 20 minutes and don't seem to be localized in any part of the brain, with the prefrontal cortex responsible for logical thinking and planning

  
• Theories of dream meaning

  • Freud's symbolic and disguised dreams
  • Hobson's transparent and unedited dreams
  • Crick and Mitchisin's meaningless dreams
  • Cartwright's dreams as information processing
  • Kramer's meaning of nightmares