CHAPTER 10

• behavioral observation : The direct, systematic observation of a client’s behavior in the natural environment; also known as naturalistic observation
• Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) : The current edition of a brief objective test that assesses depression
• behavioral assessment : In contrast to traditional personality assessment, an approach to assessment that assumes that client behaviors are not signs of underlying issues; instead, those behaviors are the problems
• clinical scale : One of 10 scales on the MMPI and MMPI-2 indicating the extent to which an individual endorses symptoms of a particular category
• Children’s Apperception Test (CAT) : A projective test similar to the Thematic Apperception Test, created specifically for children
• Comprehensive System : The leading scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot Method, created by John Exner
• content scales : In addition to the clinical scales, scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2 that provide relevant clinical information
• Paul Costa : With Robert McCrae, an author of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
• empirical criterion keying : The method of test construction used in the creation of the MMPI, which involves identifying distinct groups of people, asking all of them to respond to the same test items, and selecting items that yield different patterns of responses between groups
• evidence-based assessment : An approach to assessment emphasizing those methods that have strong psychometrics, clinical utility, and normative data and are sensitive to issues of diversity such as age, gender, race, and ethnicity
• John Exner : Creator of the Comprehensive System of scoring for the Rorschach Inkblot Method
• five-factor model of personality : A theory of personality thought by many to identify the fundamental, shared traits of human personality on which a dimensional approach to diagnosis may be based; also the basis of the NEO-PI-R personality test
• Robert McCrae : With Paul Costa, an author of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
• MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) : A relatively brief 2008 revision of the MMPI-2 in which the clinical scales include fewer items due to the omission of overlapping items
• Theodore Millon : A widely recognized scholar on personality disorders and the creator of the MCMI personality tests
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) : Current version of a comprehensive objective personality test that emphasizes personality disorders
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) : Current version of the most widely used comprehensive objective personality test, published in 1989
• MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) : A relatively brief 2008 revision of the MMPI-2 in which the clinical scales include fewer items due to the omission of overlapping items
• multimethod assessment : An approach to assessment incorporating multiple methods, including tests of different types, interview data, observations, or other sources
• objective personality tests : Personality tests characterized by unambiguous test items, a limited range of client responses, and objective scoring
• naturalistic observation : The direct, systematic observation of a client’s behavior in the natural environment; also known as behavioral observation
• NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) : A short form of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised that produces a less detailed personality profile
• NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3) : The current edition of an objective personality test that emphasizes normal personality characteristics rather than forms of abnormality
• overpathologizing : Viewing as abnormal that which is actually normal; can be reduced by increasing cultural competence
• Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) : An objective personality test for adults with a relatively low reading level and multiple clinical scales closely tied to specific diagnoses or problems
• Rorschach Inkblot Method : The projective personality test created by Hermann Rorschach involving 10 ambiguous inkblots
• Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) : The most commonly used sentence completion test
• self-monitoring : In behavioral assessment, techniques in which clients observe and keep a record of their own target behaviors
• Senior Apperception Test (SAT) : A projective test similar to the Thematic Apperception Test created specifically for older adults
• sentence completion tests : Projective personality tests in which the individual is asked to complete sentence stems
• supplemental scales : In addition to the clinical scales, scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2 that provide relevant clinical information
• test-taking attitudes : The manner in which the test taker approaches a test, as measured by the validity scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) : A projective personality test in which individuals create stories in response to ambiguous interpersonal scenes
• traditional personality assessment : In contrast to behavioral assessment, an approach to assessment that assumes that personality is a stable, internal construct; assessing personality requires a high degree of inference; and client behaviors are signs of underlying problems
• validity scales : Scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2 that inform the psychologist about the client’s approach to the test and allow the psychologist to determine whether the test is valid and what kinds of adjustments might be appropriate to make during the process of interpreting the clinical scales
• Charles Spearman


  "g" for general intelligence
• Louis Thurstone

  Multiple Factor Analysis
• James Cattell


  Dual Intelligences
• John Carroll

  Three-Stratum Theory
• Woodcock-Johnson IV


  • Tests of Early Cognitive and Academic Development (5-95)
  • Tests of Cognitive Abilities (3-18)
  • Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ-ACH)