environmental science - term 1

• adhesion


  water molecules stick to other substances
• .cohesion


  water molecules stick to eachother
• .surface tention


  .property that allows water to resist an external force
• .universal solvent


  it is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid
• heat capacity


  water can absorb a lot of heat energy and release it slowly which helps maintain a stable environment
• water's chemical formula is what

  H2o
• what are water's 3 states

  - liquid

  - gas

  - solid
• the boiling and freezing points of water

  boiling = 100

  freezing= 0
• Why dose ice float?

  because when water freezes, it expands and becomes less dense than liquid water, so it floats instead of sinking.
• what is the significance of the fact that ice floats on liquid water?

  The fact that ice floats on water is crucial for keeping Earth's ecosystems and climate systems stable and working properly.
• what is the water cycle>? how dose it work? define all relevant terms, lable a diagram

  pecipitiation- rain, hail, snow, sleet that fall from the sky

  
  

  evaporation- changing from a liquid to gas

  
  

  condensation - changing a gas to a liquid

  
  

  transpiration - loss of water vapour from leaves

  
  

  run off- collection of water from land to lakes

  
  

  sun - source of solar energy for earth
• how is the water cycle disturbed by urbanization

  large areas of soil, roads and buildings where water is unable to quickly run off into drains.
• what is non- biodegradable waste


  anything that doesn't break down
• What is eutrophication? what conditions can cause it?

  when the extra fertilisers from farms go into the water and cause algy to grow, it blocks out the sunlight for the other plants so they can't grow.
• what is bioaccumulation? what effect dose it have on ecosystems?


  is the accumulation of small amounts of non-biodegradable pollutants through the food chain
• how can heat be transferd

  - Conduction: Think of this like passing a hot potato. When something hot touches something cold, the heat moves from the hot thing to the cold thing.

  - Convection: Imagine a pot of boiling water. The hot water rises up, and the cooler water sinks down. This creates a loop that transfers heat.

  - Radiation: Ever felt warmth from the sun? That's radiation. Heat travels through space in waves, without needing anything in between, like when you warm your hands by a fire.
• describe the process of heat transfer by conduction and convection.

  - Conduction: Think of this like passing a hot potato. When something hot touches something cold, the heat moves from the hot thing to the cold thing.

  - Convection: Imagine a pot of boiling water. The hot water rises up, and the cooler water sinks down. This creates a loop that transfers heat.
• describe the types of water pollution?

  • Dirt Pollution: When dirt and sand get washed into rivers and lakes, it clouds the water and can harm fish and other aquatic animals.
  • Hot Water Pollution: Sometimes, water gets too hot because of factories or power plants. This can stress out or even kill fish and other creatures that need cooler temperatures to survive.
  • Chemical Pollution: This is when things like heavy metals (like lead or mercury) or toxic chemicals from factories get into the water. It's bad news for fish, animals, and people who depend on clean water to stay healthy.
• Urbanisation


  When more and more people move to cities and towns, making them bigger
• Negative impacts of urbanisation

  • More pollution
  • Less nature
  • Hotter cities
  • Water problems
• More pollution

  • Cities can get pretty dirty with all the cars, factories, and trash, which can make the air, water, and soil yucky
• Less nature

  • Cities often grow by taking over fields and forests, which means less green space and fewer places for plants and animals to live
• Hotter cities


  • Big cities tend to get really hot because of all the buildings and concrete, which can make them uncomfortable and even affect the weather nearby
• Water problems


  • More people means more water usage, which can strain water supplies and lead to shortages or dirty water