SCI

• Gas pressure - force acting on a specific area.
• temperature - measure of a warmth or coldness of a body. Measure of average kinetic energy
• Volume - Three-dimensional space occupied by gas
• Quantity/Amount - measured in moles. Avogadro
• Robert Boyle - Boyle's Law
• Boyle's Law - pressure is inversely proportional to the volume at a constant temperature
• Jacques Charles - Charles's Law
• Charles's Law - volume is directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure
• formula of boyle's law - P1 V1 = P2 V2
• Formula of charles's law - V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
• Biomolecules


  Have a single basic building unit called a monomer
• Monomer


  A single unit forming a long chain of molecules creating a repeated pattern

  
• 4 biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  • Most common organic molecule
  • Function: Primary energy source our body needs
  • Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
  • Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
  • Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
  • Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
• Sugars that make up Carbs

  • Single sugar: monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)
  • 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide (maltose, sucrose)
  • 3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin)
• Starch


  Used for energy storage in plants
• Glycogen


  Used for energy storage in animals
• Cellulose


  • Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall)
• Chitin


  • Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders)
  • Found in cell wall of some fungi
  • Gives us fiber
• Carbohydrates are primarily in a ring shape (but not always)
• Lipids


  • Function: Store energy, Insulate your body, and make up the cell membrane!
  • Elements: C-H-O
  • Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids
  • Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
  • Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane!
• Lipids are Hydrophobic


  Do not dissolve in water
• Types of Lipids


  • Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds, Solid at room temperature, Mainly animal fats
  • Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present, Liquid at room temperature, Mainly plant based fats as well as oily fish
• Lipids are called hydrocarbons
• Proteins


  Build us
• Proteins


  • Function: Transport molecules in and out of the cell, Control the speed of chemical reactions, Used for growth and repair
  • Elements: C-H-O-N
  • Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different ones!)
  • Polymer: proteins (tons)
  • Examples: hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the body, and antibodies
  • Found in: fish, eggs, meat
• Nitrogen is present in proteins
• Amino acids


  When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• Amino acids consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2)
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
• Nucleic acids


  These biomolecules are not necessarily from food
• Nucleic acids


  • Function: Provide our genetic information, Hold the instructions to make proteins
  • Elements: C-H-O-N-P
  • Monomer: nucleotides
  • A nucleotide is made up of: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
  • Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
  • Genetic code! Recipe for proteins, Energy carrier
• Structure of Nucleic Acid
• Monomers


  Joined together to form polymers

  
• Polymer


  A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, or a repeated pattern of various building blocks
• Classes of biological molecules

  • Lipids - polymers called diglycerides, triglycerides; monomers are fatty acids
• The prefix "-poly" comes from the Greek word polus, meaning "many", so polymer means "many parts"
• The long chain molecule is now composed of many atoms