Chemistry

• Common compound ending (might not be necessary for the test)

  • Sulfate (SO4)
  • Chloride (Cl)
  • Nitrate (NO3)
  • Carbonate (CO3)
  • Hydroxide (OH)
• Solvent


  The liquid that a solute dissolves in.
• Solute


  The substance that dissolves in a solvent.
• Solution


  The mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
• Saturated solution


  A solution that contains as much dissolved solid as possible at a particular temperature.
• Filtration


  A process to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
• Crystallisation


  A process to obtain a solute (soluble solid) from its solvent.
• Hydrated


  With water
• Neutralization


  A chemical reaction in which acids react with bases or alkalis to produce salts.
• Insoluble


  A substance is insoluble if it does not dissolve in a solvent.
• Solubility


  The mass of solute which must dissolve in 100 grams of solvent to form a saturated solution at a particular temperature.
• Soluble salts


  Sodium, Nitrate, Ammonium, Potassium
• Insoluble chlorides


  Lead, Silver, Mercury
• Insoluble Sulphates


  Barium, Calcium, Lead
• Preparation of soluble salt from an insoluble reactant (crystillisation)

  Heat acid (H2SO4) in a beaker - Speeds up the rate of reaction

  Add base (CuO) until in excess (no more copper oxide dissolves) and stir with glass rod - Neutralises all the acid

  Filter the mixture using filter paper and funnel - Removes any excess copper oxide

  Gently heat the filtered solution (CuSO4)- To evaporate some of the water

  until crystals form on a glass rod

  Filtrate and dry by leaving in a warm place - Evaporates the water
• Colour Lithium turns in flame test


  red
• Colour sodium turns in flame test


  yellow
• Colour pottasium turns in flame test


  lilac
• Colour calcium turns in flame test


  orange-red
• Colour copper turns in flame test


  blue-green
• Test for oxygen positive


  Glowing stint re-ignites
• Test for Hydrogen positive


  Pop noise
• Test for Carbon dioxide positive


  Lime water turns cloud/milky
• Test for Chlorine positive


  Blue litmus paper -> white/bleached
• Test for Ammonia positive


  Red litmus paper -> blue
• Solvent added in test for cations


  Sodium hydroxide 3-4 drops
• Copper reaction in test for cations


  Blue precipitate
• Iron (ii) reaction in test for cations


  Green precipitate
• Iron (iii) reaction in test for cations


  Brown precipitate
• Test for water: positive result


  anhydrous copper sulfate turns from white to blue
• Test for pure water (method + results)


  Boil water if positive will boil at 100 degrees Celsius
• Moles


  unit to measure amount of chemical we have
• Covalent bonds


  Strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms
• Emprical Formula


  simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound
• Molecular formula


  The actual numbers of each atom in a molecule
• Particles


  A small object. In Chemistry, particle can be used to refer to atoms, molecules, ions or the subatomic particles, including protons , neutrons and electrons.
• Element


  A substance that cannot be split into anything simpler by chemical means. An element contains atoms of the same atomic number.
• Compound


  A substance that forms when two or more elements chemically combine. The elements cannot be separated by physical means.
• Mixture


  Two or more substances not chemically combined that can be separated by physical means.
• Isotopes


  Different forms of the same element

  = protons

  different neutrons