introduction to neuroscience

• what are the 4 functional regions of the neurone


  input

  integrative

  conductive

  output
• what is the input, integrative and conductive region of the neurone

  electrical signal, integral to the cell
• what is the chemical region of the neurone

  chemical signal that is ejected by the cell into the cleft
• what are the classifications of neurones based on morphology

  unipolar, bipolar or multipolar based on the number of processes that originate from the cell body
• What are satellite cells?

  surround neurone cell bodies in ganglia and regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels
• what are schwann cells


  produce myelin to insulate axons in the PNS
• What are oligodendrocytes?


  myelinate CNS axons which provides structural framework
• what are astrocytes


  maintains the BBB
• what are microglia


  remove cell wastes
• What are ependymal cells?

  lines ventricles and spinal cord
• what are the 7 main regions of the CNS

  spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus(diencephalon), cerbral hemispheres
• what does the spinal cord do


  Receives and processes sensory information
• what does the medulla oblongata do

  Includes several centres responsible for vital autonomic functions, such a digestion, breathing and heart rate control
• what does the pons do

  Conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
• what does the midbrain do


  controls many sensory and motor functions
• What does the cerebellum do?


  Modulates the force and range of movement, and is involved in learning motor skills
• What is the diecephalon?

  thalamus and hypothalamus
• what does the thalamus do


  processes most of the information reaching the cerebral cortex from the rest of the CNS
• what does the hypothalamus do

  Regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions
• what does the cerebrum do

  two cerebral hemispheres, each consisting of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus
• how many lobes are in each hemisphere

  4
• what are the 4 lobes

  frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
• what does the frontal lobe do

  Higher cognitive processing and motor planning
• what does the parietal lobe do

  Somatic sensation, location and manipulation of objects (incl. the body image) in the visual space
• what does the temporal lobe do

  object identity and auditory processing, emotion and memory
• what does the occipital lobe do

  critical for aspects of vision
• how many layers are in the CNS

  6
• what are the 6 layers of the CNS

  molecular

  external granular cell

  external pyramidal cell

  internal granular cell

  internal pyramidal cell

  multiform
• what is the molecular layer of the CNS

  contains dendrites of cells located in deeper layers and axons which travels through this layer to make connections in other areas of the cortex
• what is the external granular cell layer of the CNS

  contains small pyramidal neurone and small spherical neurones
• what is the external pyrimidal cell layer of the CNS

  contains larger pyramidal neurone
• what is the internal granular cell layer of the CNS

  Contains large number of small spherical neurons. Main recipient of sensory input from thalamus. Is most prominent in primary sensory areas.
• what is the internal pyramidal cell layer of the CNS

  contains pyramidal neurons, larger than those in layer III. They project to other cortical and subcortical areas and are the major output pathway
• what is the multiform layer of the CNS

  Contains neurons heterogenous is shape. It blends into the white mater and carries axons to and from areas of the cortex
• what is the organisation of the CNS

  47 discrete functional area by brodman
• what are the 6 types of neuroglia

  satellite cells, Schwann cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia
• what are the PNS neuroglia

  satellite cells and Schwann cells
• what are the CNS neuroglia

  ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia
• What do satellite cells do?

  protect neuron cell bodies and regulate nutrient levels
• what do schwann cells do

  myelinate axons in the PNS