FNP - Midterms

• Profession


  An occupation or calling requiring advanced training and experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge which provides service to society in that special field
• Other definitions of profession

  • A calling or a vocation requiring an intensive and specialized education in the field of science or the liberal arts and has a specialized training
  • A calling or vocation or undertaking in which its members should have acquired specific and distinct values, knowledge, training or by experience so that they may competently utilize it in the service of others
  • Any undertaking in which a person, whom for a tee or tree, provides a distinctive service using scientific and specialized body of knowledge and skills
• Criteria of a profession

  • Must have developed a scientific technique which is the result of tested experience
  • Must require the exercise of discretion and judgment as to time and manner of the performance of duty. This is in contrast to the kind of work which is subject to standardization in terms of unit performance or time element
  • Must have a group of consciousness designed to extend scientific knowledge in technical language
  • Must have sufficient self-impelling power to retain its members throughout life. It must not be used as a mere stepping stone to other occupation
  • Must recognize its obligations to society by insisting that its members live up to an established code of ethics
• Qualities of a profession (according to Flexner)


  • Applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to human welfare, and especially suited to the tradition of seasoned practitioners shaping the skills of newcomers to the role
  • Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and subsequently imposes on its members a lifelong obligation to remain current in order to "do no harm"
  • Functions autonomously (with authority) in the formulation of professional policy and in monitoring its practice and practitioners
  • Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of knowledge that is intellectual in nature and describes its phenomena of concern
  • Has a clear standard of educational preparation for entry into practice
  • Is distinguished by the presence of specific culture, norms, and other values that are common among its members
  • Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education
  • Applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare
  • Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity
  • Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above the personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work
  • Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom to act on opportunity for continuous professional growth, and economic security
• Qualities of a profession (according to Genevieve K. & Roy W. Bixler)

  • Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge which is on the intellectual level of higher learning
  • Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses, and improves its techniques of education and service by the use of scientific method
• Professional nursing


  A person who has completed a basic nursing education program and is licensed in his/her country or state to practice professional nursing
• Professional nursing


  The performance, for a fee or salary, of professional services such as undertaking responsible nursing care, the observation of symptoms, accurate reporting and recording, supervision of other, execution of nursing procedures and execution of valid doctor's orders
• Qualifications and abilities of a professional nurse

  • Have a license to practice nursing in the country
  • Have a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing
  • Be physically and mentally fit
• Personal qualities & professional proficiencies of a professional nurse

  • Interest and willingness to work and learn with individuals/ groups in a variety of settings
  • A warm personality and concern for people
  • Resourcefulness and creativity as well as a well- balanced emotional conditions
  • Capacity and ability to work cooperatively with others
  • Initiative to improve self & service
  • Competence in performing work through the use of nursing process
  • Skill in decision-making, communicating, and relating with others and being research oriented
  • Active participation in issues confronting nurse & nursing

  
• Roles of the professional nurse

  • Care provider
  • Communicator
  • Teacher
  • Counselor
  • Client advocate
  • Change agent
  • Leader
  • Case manager
  • Researcher
• Expanded nursing roles


  • Nurse practitioner
  • Nurse specialist
  • Nurse anesthetist
  • Nurse midwife
  • Nurse researcher
  • Nurse administrator
  • Nurse educator
  • Nurse entrepreneur
• Characteristics of a profession as applied to nursing practice

  • Adheres to a common code of ethics
  • Master of craft
  • Accountability
  • Competence
  • Ethical
  • Caring profession
  • Service oriented
  • Professional relationship
  • Autonomy and altruism
• 11 key responsibilities of a nurse

  • Nursing process
  • Management of resources & environment
  • Communication
  • Safe & quality nursing care
  • Quality improvement
  • Collaboration & team work
  • Health education
  • Research
  • Record management
  • Legal responsibility
  • Personal & professional development

  
• Scope of nursing practice

  A person shall be deemed practicing nursing when he/ she singly or in collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing services to individuals, families, and communities in any health care setting
• Duties of the nurse

  • Provide nursing care through the utilization of the nursing process
  • Establish linkages with community resources, and coordination with the health team
  • Provide health education to individuals, families, and communities
  • Teach, guide, and supervise students in nursing education programs including the administration of nursing services in varied settings such as hospitals and clinics
  • Undertake nursing and health human resource development training and research
• Scope of nursing practice

  • Promoting health & wellness
  • Preventing illness
  • Restoring health
  • Caring for the dying
• Fields of nursing


  • Hospital or institutional nursing
  • Public health nursing or community health nursing
  • Independent nursing practice
  • Advanced practice nursing
  • Nursing education
• Nursing in other fields

  • School nursing
  • Clinical nursing
• Community health nursing


  The practice of nursing in the local, national, and city health departments, which include health centers and public schools. It is nursing in the public sector.
• Independent Nursing Practice


  The nurse is self-employed and provides professional nursing services to clients/patients and their families. Some independent nursing practitioners set up their clinics near a hospital, while most are community-based.
• Advanced Practice Nursing


  This field of nursing is synonymous with specialization. It requires the knowledge, skills, and supervised skills obtained through graduate study in nursing (either master's or doctoral degree).
• Nursing Education


  Teachers in the Nursing education programs.
• School Nursing


  The school nurse is responsible for the school's activities in the areas of health service, health education, and environmental health and safety.
• Clinical Nursing


  Clinic nursing requires that a nurse possess general skills. The nurse acts as a receptionist, answers phone, does the billing, takes x-rays and ECGs, changes dressings, gives injections, and assists in physical examination.
• Military Nursing


  The nurse corps. The military nurse works at different health settings with various levels of responsibilities.
• Private Duty Nursing


  A private duty nurse is a registered nurse who undertakes to give comprehensive nursing care to a client on a one-to-one ratio. She/he is an independent contractor.
• Industrial or Occupational Health Nursing


  The specialty practice that provides and delivers healthcare services to workers. The practice focuses on promotion, protection, and supervision of workers' health within the context of a safe and healthy work environment.
• Nursing


  The Latin word "Nutrix" means "that nourishes, fosters, protects" as a SCIENCE and ART, a blending of art, science, and spirit. It is a service to the individual which helps to regain, or to keep a normal state of body and mind.
• Traditional Role of Nursing

  • Humanistic Caring
  • Nurturing
  • Comforting
  • Supporting
• Women's Role


  Traditionally, female roles of wife, mother, daughter and sister have always included the care and nurturing of other family members. Women, who in general occupied a subservient and dependent role, are called on to care for others in the community who are ill. The care provided is related to physical maintenance and comfort.
• Intuitive


  The perception of knowledge that is pure, instinctive and untaught. Women are endowed biologically with a tender, compassionate nature which is adapted to her family's need for nursing care; they functioned as primitive nurses in societies.
• Prehistoric Man


  Nursing as a practice originated in the dim past when some mother among the cave dwellers cooled the forehead of her sick child with water from the brook (Dr. William Osler). The law of preservation (survival of the fittest) led to the abandonment of the aged and infirm, an act of necessity not of cruelty.
• In ancient civilizations, beliefs that disease were embedded on superstition and magic. Practical theories of medical care emerged and observed that midwives provided care for the mothers and infant during birthing, wet nurses often suckled and care for infant children of wealthy families, and the care provided for the sick was often related to physical maintenance and comfort, with these roles filled by female slaves who were dependent on the master, healer or priest.
• Primitive Men


  Believed that illnesses were caused by the invasion of the victim's body by an evil spirit or black magic (voodoo), and that the medicine man (shaman or witch doctor) could heal using "white magic" through methods like hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, massages, fire, water, herbs or other vegetation, some animals, and the use of a trephine (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia).
• Nurses at this Time

  • Comforting
  • Practicing midwife
  • Wet nurse to child
  • Performing neighboring act (without training or direction)
  • More on natural instinct
• In the Near East, nursing evolved from nomadic life to agrarian life to urban community life, with nursing being the duty of slaves, wives, sisters, or mothers. The Babylonia Code of Hammurabi documented the earliest laws governing the practice of medicine, including mentions of nursing. In Egypt, there were records of 250 recognizable diseases but no mention of nursing, suggesting it was the role of slaves or patient's families. The Hebrew people had laws in the Old Testament (Book of Leviticus) controlling the spread of communicable diseases and preparing food and purification of man.
• In the Far East, China had beliefs in spirits and demons, knowledge of "MATERIA MEDICA" (pharmacology), and prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections and muscular inflections, with the care of the sick assumed as the function of family members. India had hospitals that used an intuitive form of asepsis, proficiency in the practice of medicine and surgery, and writings that mentioned nurse (priest-nurses) taking care of patients and functioning as pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists and cooks. Early hospitals were staffed by male nurses required to meet four (4) qualifications: Knowledge, Cleverness, Devotedness, and Purity of Mind and Body. Women served as midwives and nurses for ill family members.
• In Greece and Rome, the care of the sick and injured was advanced in mythology and reality, with Asklepios as the Greek God of chief healer, Epigone as the wife of Asklepios and the soother, and Hygeria as the daughter and Goddess of Health and embodiment of the nurse. Nursing in the Greco-Roman culture was the task of untrained slaves, and women were not tasked or given instruction regarding nursing due to the perception of the inferiority of females to males. The transition from Pagan to Christian Nursing Home saw care given by slaves or Greek physicians, until Fabiola, a wealthy Roman matron who converted to Christianity, gave nursing care to the patients herself in her hospital, the first hospital in the Christian world.
• The Christian value of "love thy neighbor as thyself" and Christ's parable of the Good Samaritan had a significant impact on the development of nursing. During the 3rd and 4th centuries, several wealthy matrons of the Roman empire (such as Fabiola) converted to Christianity and used their wealth to provide houses of care and healing (the forerunner of hospitals) for the poor, the sick and the homeless.
• The Period of Apprentice Nursing

  Nursing care performed by people directed by more experienced nurses, with "on-the-job" training without formal education, carried out by religious orders of the Christian Church, military, secular and mendicant (begging) religious orders. This included the Paraboloni Brotherhood, the Crusaders, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights, the Knights of St. John of Jersulames, and the Knights of St. Lazarus.