GENERAL CHEMISTRY

• Convalent - Sharing
• Ionic - Transfer
• Ionic bonding - Electrons are transferred between valence shells of atoms
• Covalent bonding - pairs of atoms are shared between non-metal atoms
• fructose - fruits
• Glucose - From digestion of other carbohydrates
• Galactose, or Ribose

  Galactose- Milk

  Ribose- DNA, RNA
• Sucrose - Table sugar
• Lactose - Milk
• Maltose - malt sugar
• Starch - Potatoes

  
  

  used by plants to store energy
• Glycogen - In human liver cells

  
  

  Used by animals to store energy
• Cellulose - Cell walls of plants

  
  

  Used by plants to form rigid walls around cells
• Monosaccharides[simple carbohydrates] - Glucose, fructose
• Two types of monosaccharides bonded together to form a disaccharide
• Polysaccharides[Complex carbohydrates] - Two or more monosaccharides bond together, form a carbohydrates called a POLYSACCHARIDES
• Lipids - Include substances such as fats and oil
• Proteins - Made of smaller units called amino acids[monomers]
• Nucleic acids - Consist of one or two chains of nucleotides held together by chemical bonds
• Valence Electrons - These are the electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together.
• What makes an element reactive?

  • An incomplete valence electron level.
• Alkaline Earth Metals

  • They are never found uncombined in nature.
• Boron Family - Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons.
• Organic compounds

  -Make up organisms

  -help organisms carry out life processes.

  • help organisms carry out life processes.All contain the elements carbon & hydrogenen
• Protein Structure - Amino acids can bond together to form short chains called peptides or longer chains called polypeptides
• Non polar covalent bond - When two atoms of the same element share electrons, they are shared equally.
• Polar Covalent bond - When atoms of different elements share electrons, the shared electrons tend to be pulled closer to one element than the other (because of electronegativity) and results in partial charges on the atoms.