english

• marxism approach -examines how literature becomes part of the superstructure.
• karl marx -was primarily a theorist and historian, he perceived human history to have consisted of a series of struggles between classes--between the oppressed and the oppressing. 
• friedrich engels -was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman and Karl Marx's closest friend and collaborator.
• Terry Eagleton

  • He explains that the Marxist description of history is of a series of stages which emerge as a result of tension between the working classes and the middle classes. The working class lack power, and so they revolt
• Fredric Jameson

  • Jameson developed his Marxist critique of Western society in his famous book The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (1981). It was a new approach to the study of literary texts, based on the view that the essential requirement for literary interpretation is historicism.
• Sociology:  the study of society and social issues
• Base - refers to the modes of production, and 
• Superstructure - refers to everything else in society that develops in relation to the economic base.
• historical materialism dialectical materialism communism
• Ideology is a Marxist term that refers to dominant ideas that exist in a culture.
• Bourgeoisie (or bourgeois): a member of the middle class with materialist and conventional values.
• Proletariat: members of the working class
• Feminism Approach

  • explores the social relationships and roles of men and women. This form of literary criticism draws on the ideas of feminist theory to critique literature, considering how literature portrays and is influenced by patriarchal narratives.
• Patriarchy refers to a social system where men hold the most power.
• Feminist Criticism- focuses on the ways in which literature (or cultural productions) reinforces or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women.

  Feminist literary criticism examines a number of elements of a text including;
• In 1968, Martha Weinman Lear published an article in the New York Times titled 'The Second Feminist Wave’.
• Gynocriticism is a term that refers to the study of woman's writing. The term was coined by American feminist and literary critic Elaine Showalter (1941- ) in her work A Literature of Their Own (1977).
• Intersectional feminism is an approach to feminism that understands how the intersecting identities of individual women impact the oppression they face.
• Virginia Woolf - is rightly considered the founder of modern feminist literary criticism.- English writer who wants women to be free in every field
• • Simone de Beauvoir was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist.- She demands that women be treated as equal to men and laws, customs and education must be altered to encourage this
• • Elaine Showalter is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She influenced feminist literary criticism developing the concept and practice of gynocritics, a term describing the study of "women as writers".
• • Sandra Gilbert is an American literary critic and poet who has published in the fields of feminist literary criticism, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic criticism. 
• • Susan Gubar  is an American author, She is best known for co-authoring the landmark feminist literary study The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (1979).
• What does Marxism critical literary theory focus on? social and economic conditions
• First Wave The first wave of feminism is the earliest stage of feminist literary criticism, acting as the foundation for feminist literary theory.
• Second Wave The second wave focused on gynocriticism. 
• The fourth wave of feminism emerged in the early 2010s.
• The meaning of Marxist criticism is the uncovering of relationships of domination and exploitation, even when they are disguised in idealistic terms
• Third wave This wave recognized the limitations of second-wave feminism, particularly its emphasis on gender and sex when examining the treatment and portrayal of women in literature.
• The fourth wave of feminism began utilizing literature, the news, and social media, to promote feminist causes and highlight issues such as sexual harassment and gender-based violence.