ORANGE

• micro features

  striations

  chatter marks
• meso features

  roche moutonnees
• macro features

  hanging valleys

  truncated spurs

  ribbon lakes

  glacial trough

  corries

  crag and tail

  aretes

  pyramidal peak

  knock and lochan
• corrie - upland

  northern hemisphere - north facing - snow accumulates - sheltered from wind and sun - compacts and becomes ice - abrasion at the bottom deepens the hollow - as more weight as added ice moves downward in rotational movement because of the slope and the overlying pressure - this creates an armchair shape - same time the backwall is facing freeze thaw and plucking which steepens it - lip formed as erosive power falling
• arete and pyramidal peak - upland

  arete - thing, jagged ridge that forms as the backwalls of corries back into each other - steep sides - plucking and abrasion of the back walls of corries

  pp - a mountain peak formed as three corries back into each other
• glacial trough - lowland 


  the glacier follows the path taken by a river - bulldozes through - creates a u-shaped valley that has flat bottom and steep sides - relatively straight
• ribbon lakes

  glacier moves through the valley - ice sheet scouring - erodes the soft less resistant rock and leaves the hard rock - creates depression that get full of meltwater/ rain water - ribbon lakes do not fill the valley floor - ribbon lake is dammed by rock bar
• hanging valley - upland 


  formed through the interaction of two glaciers - tributary glacier meets the main glacier - join - tributary glacier has less erosive power because it has smaller mass - large glacier creates a deep trough - leaves behind a hanging valley that has a steep drop
• truncated spurs

  glacier bulldozes through where river used to slow - cuts the edges of inverted v shaped interlocking spurs - creates truncated spurs
• crag and tail

  glacier meets resistant rock - glacier erodes around and above the rock as surrounding rock is softer - leaves a crag - behind the crag soft rock is sheltered from erosive power and some material is deposited - leaves the tail - Salisbury crag
• knock and lochan

  ice sheet scouring - whole landscape - glacier moves over- scours and erodes soft rock - weight of ice crushes soft rock- leaves behind depressions that become water filled - lochs - harder rock remains - knocks
• roche moutonnee 


  ice sheet scouring - ice meets resistant protruding object - ice meets the stoss and moves over because of pressure melting point - smooth surface with some abrasion - leeward side is plucked as not as much pressure - ice re-freezes over bedrock - regelation creep
• striations

  glacier moves over bred rock - entrained sediment that is harder than bed rock - scrapes bed rock beneath - sandpaper effect - leaves small scratch like marks
• chatter marks 


  glacier moves over the bed rock - entrained rock gouges some of the bed rock - leaves crescent like dents
• cryosphere is all the locations where water can be found in a solid state
• the cryosphere holds economic, cultural, environmental value + plays important role in regulating the earth's climate
• polar glaciers - high latitude - cold atmospheric temperature - basal temperature remains below the PMP - moves through internal deformation - 2-3cm/day
• temperate glaciers - high altitude - low latitude - alpine - seasonal variations - basal slip because of PMP - 2-3 m day
• PMP - -1.6C as reach 2km in depth
• ice sheets are larger than ice caps
• constrained are influenced by their surroundings
• unconstrained are not influenced by their surroundings - have a central dome that drives slow movement
• ice sheets - 50,000 km2 - 3000m thick dome - slowly moving - nunatak - continuous ice
• ice caps - less than 50,000km2 - centred on a mountain high point called a massif - the ice flows in multiple directions from the massif - feeds into series of glaciers
• cirque, valley glacier and ice fields are constrained and piedmont glaciers
• cirque - constrained by the mountain sides - upper parts of glacial trough or in hollow cirque basin - armchair shape - size depends on the hollow that formed in
• valley glaciers - constrained by valleys - they flow downhill - follow the route that past rivers have taken - have high erosive power - ice surrounded by high mountains and fills the valley - begin as mountain glaciers
• ice fields - constrained by surrounding landforms - not thick enough to bury topography - not deep enough to bury landforms
• PG - please grandpa

  BF - bet fred

  N - never

  P - passed

  IW - Izzy Windsor

  L - loads
• ice wedges - ground contraction - during the winter months in dry areas the ground contracts - faults + cracks in ground - summer meltwater fills these cracks - winter freezes + expands up to 9% - widens + deepens crack - some water is left behind in PF layer - water in active layer thaws - this continues until ice wedge polygon - when lots form in a polygonal network - ice wedge polygon
• patterned ground - frost heave - process where larger rocks are pushed vertically upward to the surface - rocks in the active layer will warm up and cool down faster than the surrounding frozen soil - this will create an ice lens that pushes up the rock as unfrozen is attracted to frozen through capillary action - sediment and pebbles move under the rock to prevent regression into OG position - steep = steppes and shallow = circle - repeated freezing, heaving and thawing of the active layer
• pingos - east greenland type - discontinuous permafrost + active layer freezes at different rates - creates pockets of unfrozen water - talik is attracted to the frozen water through capillary action - creates ice lenses that push the ground above upwards - creates ice core mound
• pingos - mackenzie type - continuous permafrost - lake acts as insulation - the ground beneath remains unfrozen - talik in the ground beneath - lake retreats - ground is no longer insulated - residual water freezes into ice lens - permafrost advance - squeeze talik - pushes ice lens upwards - pushes lake sediment toward surface - during summer ice lens melt - create lake as there is a hollow called an ognip
• solifluction lobes - solifluction - active layer becomes waterlogged during spring because of seasonal meltwater - PF is impermeable - saturation and weight causes slow creep or soil- mass movement - infills depressions in ground and creates a solifluction lobe
• Nivation hollow - snow accumulates in a sheltered section - this will accumulate and possible form ice - freeze thaw cause rock to break up + chemical weathering will deepen the hollow - melt - debris washed away - nivation hollow
• block fields- expansive and exposed plains of bedrock - freeze thaw - seasonal and diurnal - small cracks - meltwater into - freezes - expands up to 9% - widens - melts in summer + day - continuous cycle - jagged, angular rocks called block fields
• loess - periglacial landscape - expansive + barren - little to break wind - fine sediment carried by high wind - deposited - called loess - China 150 m deep
• positive feedbacks have destabilising impact 


  bring additional change in the same direction
• negative feedback can stabilise system 


  initial change will bring about additional change in the opposite direction
• Greenland ice sheet covers 80% of Greenland's land mass