Eapp

• References


  Acknowledgements of previous research in the field to provide basis for the writer's own argument
• Writers need to show their awareness of previous and related research within the field to provide basis of their own argument
• When presenting opposing viewpoints


  References are used to acknowledge previous key studies in the field
• The reference style used in the example is an author-date system, which gives the year of publication in parenthesis, thereby automatically informing the reader about the time span between the two opposing views that are presented
• When presenting background facts

  References are used to provide a factual background to the writer's own discussion
• The sources referred to are placed in chronological order, thereby providing a brief overview of the progress within the research field
• Positioning new research in relation to previous publications


  Presenting previous research and then presenting new facts that either expand the knowledge presented by earlier research, or contradict it
• When arguing against previous research

  The writer refers to a previous study and then positions their own research against this publication, providing examples that contradict the earlier study
• The writer uses verbs like "suggest" and "assume" to show that they do not agree with the conclusions drawn in the previous study
• The writer uses introductory tags such as "However" and "On the contrary" to highlight their own findings
• Presenting primary data to support the writer's claim

  Depending on discipline, writers use different kinds of primary data (e.g. textual evidence) to support their claims
• Presenting textual evidence


  • Quotes from Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart"
• The parenthetical reference style used here is MLA
• A common kind of over-referencing occurs when references are given to facts that can be seen as common knowledge
• Dunleavy (2003): '"Referencing details are also generally unattractive, so if overdone they can detract quite a lot from the "look and feel" of your text."'
• Over-referencing does not strengthen the writer's argument but may have the opposite effect
• Integrating references into the text

  References must be integrated into the text both language-wise and content-wise. References must be contextualized, introduced and identified.
• Common reporting verbs


  • show, present, argue, suggest, report, address, identify, describe, analyse, note, demonstrate, criticise, compare, observe
• Summarizing


  To re-formulate what someone else has written (said, etc.) in abbreviated form while citing the source. You only have to state the major ideas of an entire source or part of a source in a paragraph or sentence.
• Integrating references into the text

  References must be integrated into the text both language-wise and content-wise. References must be contextualized, introduced and identified.
• Common reporting verbs


  • show, present, argue, suggest, report, address, identify, describe, analyse, note, demonstrate, criticise, compare, observe
• Paraphrasing


  A re-writing of a text in your own words while keeping the meaning and citing the source.
• How to paraphrase


  1. Begin with the source information

  2. Rewrite in your own words while keeping the meaning

  3. Cite the source
• Reporting verb/phrase


  A linguistic device used to identify the author of the source in the text
• Reporting verbs


  • show, present, argue, suggest, report, address, identify, describe, analyse, note, demonstrate, criticise, compare, observe
• Direct quotation


  To reproduce what someone else has previously expressed word for word
• When to quote


  • To clarify or define
  • To substantiate a claim
• How to quote


  • Contextualize
  • Introduce
  • Identify
• Short quotation


  Fully integrated in the running text
• Long quotation


  Set off from the running text in block quotations
• How to edit quotations

  • Use of ellipsis to abbreviate
  • Use of square brackets to clarify/add information
  • Use of italics to add emphasis
  • Use of [sic] to indicate errors in the original