CARL JUNG

• Analytical psychology


  • Occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone
  • Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors
  • Inherited images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious
  • Some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed and are called archetypes
  • The most inclusive archetype is the notion of self-realization, which can be achieved only by attaining a balance between various opposing forces of personality
• Jung's theory is a compendium of opposites. People are both introverted and extraverted; rational and irrational; male and female; conscious and unconscious; and pushed by past events while being pulled by future expectations
• Personality 1

  From childhood to Mid-life, He is more extroverted
• Personality 2

  Middle adulthood to old age, He is more introverted
• Freud had warm personal feelings for Jung and regarded him as a man of great intellect. These qualifications prompted Freud to select Jung as the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association
• Conscious


  • Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego
  • Ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality
  • Self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious
  • Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self and thus to achieve individuation
• Personal unconscious


  • Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual
  • Formed by our individual experiences and is therefore unique to each of us
  • Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes
  • A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas
• Collective unconscious


  • Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
  • Inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic
  • Distant ancestors' experiences with universal concepts such as God, mother, water, earth, and so forth have been transmitted through the generations so that people in every clime and time have been influenced by their primitive ancestors' primordial experiences
  • More or less the same for people in all cultures
  • Responsible for people's many myths, legends, and religious
  • Humans, like other animals, come into the world with inherited predispositions to act or react in certain ways if their present experiences touch on these biologically based predispositions
• Archetypes

  • Ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious
  • Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of humans' early ancestors
  • Dreams are the main source of archetypal material
  • Hallucinations of psychotic patients also offered evidence for archetypes
• Persona


  • The side of the personality that people show to the world
  • Should project a particular role that society dictates to us
  • No.1 personality (Jung's life)
• Shadow


  • Archetype of darkness and repression, qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
  • Morally objectionable tendencies
  • It is easier to project the dark side of our personality onto others, to see in them the ugliness and evil that we refuse to see in ourselves
  • Achieve the "realization of the shadow"
• Anima


  • Feminine archetype in men
  • Represents irrational moods and feelings
  • To master the projections of the anima, men must realize the feminine side of their personality
  • Originated from early men's experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers
  • Source of misunderstanding in male-female relationships, but also be
• Animus

  • Masculine archetype in women
  • Represent symbolic of thinking and reasoning
  • Like the anima, the animus appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a personified form
  • In every female-male relationship, the woman runs a risk of projecting her distant ancestors' experiences with fathers, brothers, lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man
• Great Mother


  • This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings
  • The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces— fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other
  • The fertility and nourishment dimension of the great mother archetype is symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed field, sea, heaven, home, country, church, and hollow objects such as ovens and cooking utensils
  • Power and destruction, she is sometimes symbolized as a godmother, the Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a stepmother, or a witch
  • Legends, myths, religious beliefs, art, and literary stories are filled with other symbols of the great mother, a person who is both nurturing and destructive
• Wise Old Man


  • Archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans' preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
  • Political, religious, and social prophets who appeal to reason as well as emotion (archetypes are always emotionally tinged) are guided by this unconscious archetype
  • Personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest
• Hero


  • Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons
  • Heroic deeds can be performed only by someone who is vulnerable. An immortal person with no weakness cannot be a hero
  • When the hero conquers the villain, he or she frees us from feelings of impotence and misery; at the same time, serving as our model for the ideal personality
• Self


  • Each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self
  • Archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization
  • Symbolized by a person's ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala, which is depicted as a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or any other concentric figure
  • The self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing elements of psyche—male and female, good and evil, light and dark forces
• Causality and teleology

  • Human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones
  • Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences
  • Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person's destiny
• Progression and regression


  • Jung believed that the regressive step is necessary to create a balanced personality and to grow toward self- realization
  • Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression
• Attitudes


  • A predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction
  • Each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious
• Introversion


  Turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective
• Extraversion


  Turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is or
• Teleology


  Holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person's destiny
• Progression


  Adaptation to the outside world involving the forward flow of psychic energy
• Regression


  Adaptation to the inner world relying on a backward flow of psychic energy
• Jung's view on progression and regression

  • The regressive step is necessary to create a balanced personality and to grow toward self-realization
• Attitude


  A predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction
• 2 basic attitudes

  • Introversion
  • Extraversion
• 4 functions

  • Thinking
  • Feeling
  • Sensing
  • Intuiting
• Extraversion


  Turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective
• Thinking


  Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
• Feeling


  The process of evaluating an idea or event
• Sensing


  Simply the individual's perception of sensory impulses
• Intuiting

  Perception beyond the workings of consciousness
• Jung's view on personality development


  • Emphasized the second half of life, the period after age 35 or 40, when a person has the opportunity to bring together the various aspects of personality and to attain self-realization
• Stages of development

  • Childhood
  • Youth
  • Middle life
  • Old age
• Anarchic phase of childhood


  Characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness
• Monarchic phase of childhood


  Characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking
• Dualistic phase of childhood


  The ego as perceiver arises when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective
• Youth


  From puberty until middle life, a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever