Research

• Research Method - this refers to the philosophical, theoretical, conceptual, and analytic perspective research; can be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method.
• Approach - refers to the first step in creating structure to the design and it details a conceptual model or framework of how the research will proceed, considering the objectives and variables of the study. 
• Design - This refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answer to research questions or problems; it is the complete scheme or program of the research.
• According to Kerlinger Research Design - This refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answer to research questions or problems; it is the complete scheme or program of the research.  
• Cross-sectional studies - are commonly used in the social sciences; these studies aim to find out the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-section of the population.  
• The before and after design (also know as the pre-test or post-test design) - This design can measure change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude; can describe as two sets of cross-sectional data. 
• The Longitudinal study design - this is useful to determine the pattern of extent of change in a phenomenon, situation, problem or attitude in relation in time; usually over a longer period.
• The retrospective study design - is used to investigate a phenomenon, situation, problem or issue that has happened in the past; recall of the situation.  
• The prospective study design - the outcome of an event or what is likely to happen; outcome in the future.
• Retrospective-prospective study design - used as bases of future projections.
• Experimental design - has an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship; researcher introduces the intervention. 
• Non-experimental design - researcher observes a phenomenon; and starts from the effect or outcome.
• Semi-experimental or quasi experimental study - has the properties of both experimental and non-experimental studies. 
• Case study - this a dominant qualitative study design but also prevalent in quantitative research; treat the total study population as one entity; useful design when exploring am area.
• Grounded Theory - is an approach to qualitative research data; not a theory itself; but a process for developing empirical theory.
• Phenomenology - qualitative research design which studies all possible appearances in human experience using empirical methods. 
• Ethnography - scientific description of individual cultures involving the origins. 
• Mixed Methods - refers to the research design that uses both quantitative and qualitative data to answer a particular question or sets of questions; words, pictures, and narratives can be used to add meaning to numbers.