C7

• Hydrocarbon


  Compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only
• Crude oil


  Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient dead marine organisms
• Crude oil


  • Finite resource found in the Earth's crust
  • Remains of organisms that lived and died millions of years ago, mainly plankton which was buried in mud
• Mixture


  Two or more substances that are not joined together. The substances can be elements, compounds, or both
• Hydrocarbon molecules


  • Chains and rings of carbon atoms joined together
• Fuel


  Material that is used to produce heat, like coal, oil or gas
• Crude oil is a finite resource
• Substances made from compounds found in crude oil


  • Ethene
  • Solvents
  • Lubricants
  • Detergents
• Petrol and other fuels are produced from crude oil using fractional distillation
• Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons
• Alkanes


  Saturated hydrocarbons, compounds of hydrogen and carbon only, with no C=C bonds
• Alkanes


  • Decane
  • Hexane
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, containing only single C-C bonds
• Crude oil


  Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient dead marine organisms
• Fractional distillation


  A method used to separate a mixture of several substances, such as crude oil, into simpler, more useful mixtures by distilling and collecting the evaporated components as they condense at different temperatures
• Fractional distillation can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points
• Fractional distillation of crude oil


  1. Heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column

  2. Vapours from the oil rise through the column

  3. Vapours condense when they become cool enough

  4. Liquids are led out of the column at different heights
• Intermolecular forces


  Weak attractive forces between molecules
• Fractions


  The different, useful mixtures produced from fractional distillation of crude oil
• Crude oil is a finite resource
• Petrol and other fuels are produced from crude oil using fractional distillation
• Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons
• Crude oil


  Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient dead marine organisms
• Fraction


  In fractional distillation, such as that of crude oil, the different parts of the original mixture are called fractions. The substances in each fraction have similar boiling points to each other
• Mixture


  Two or more substances that are not joined together. The substances can be elements, compounds, or both
• Hydrocarbon


  A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only
• Alkane


  Saturated hydrocarbon. A compound of hydrogen and carbon only, with no C=C bonds
• Molecule


  A collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
• Boiling point


  The temperature at which a substance rapidly changes from a liquid to a gas
• Crude oil


  A finite resource. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation.
• Ignite


  Set on fire
• Cracking


  The breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules by vaporising them and passing them over a hot catalyst.
• Viscosity


  A measure of how difficult it is for a substance to flow - the higher the viscosity, the 'thicker' it is
• Alkanes


  Saturated hydrocarbons. Compounds of hydrogen and carbon only, with no C=C bonds.
• Alkenes


  Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between the carbon atoms.
• Fractional distillation of crude oil produces more of the larger hydrocarbons than can be sold, and less of the smaller hydrocarbons than customers want.
• Smaller hydrocarbons are more useful as fuels than larger hydrocarbons.
• Cracking converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons, improving the supply of fuels and helping to match supply with demand.
• Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)


  Their carbon atoms are only joined by C-C single bonds.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes)


  They contain at least one C=C double bond, making them more reactive than alkanes.