Circulatory

• Circulatory system


  Transportation system of the body
• 2 Parts of the circulatory system

  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
• Pulmonary


  • Conveys blood from the heart to the "lungs" and back to the heart
• Systemic


  • Carries blood from the heart to all "body tissues " and cells (except some parts of the lungs) and back to heart
• Components of the circulatory system HAVACVLR

  • Heart
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Lymphatic vessels and nodes
  • Reticuloendothelial tissues
• Heart


  • Muscular pump that propels blood
• Arteries

  • Distributing vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Arteries

  • Aorta - to all body tissues
  • Pulmonary trunk - to lungs
• Arterioles • Small final branches of the smallest arteries, present in all tissues supplied with blood
• Capillaries


  • Very minute microscopic hair-like
  • Exchange of blood and tissue takes place in capillary walls
• Venules


  • Smallest veins, correspond to the arterioles
• Veins

  • Collecting vessels that bring blood back to the heart
  • Superior vena cava drains upper half of body
  • Inferior vena cava drains lower half of body
  • Four pulmonary veins, 2 from each lung, drain the lungs, all emptying into the heart
• Lymph


  Colorless fluid
• Lymph capillaries


  • Minute Vessels
• Lymph vessels


  • Formed by the union of capillaries that unite to form larger and larger vessels
• Lymph nodes


  • Connected with the larger lymph vessels
• Trunk lymph Vessel

  • Thoracic Duct - drain whole body except upper right
  • Right lymph Duct - Drain upper right limb, thorax, head
• Reticuloendothelial structures

  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Thymus gland
• Blood vessel structure

  • Endothelium
  • Smooth muscle
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
• Structure of Blood Vessel

  • Tunica Intima (Internal Coat ) - flat cobblestone like cell
  • Tunica Media ( Middle Coat ) - layer of Visceral muscle
  • Tunica Adventitia ( outer layer) - layer of connective tissue
• Heart

  • Apex - bluntly pointed end that is directed to the left anteriorly
  • Base - the broad end that is directed to the right, posteriorly and cranially to the right of the right sternal border
  • Sternocostal surface - lies posterior to the sternum
  • Diaphragmatic surface - rest upon the diaphragm
• Coverings of the heart - the wall

  • Endocardium - forms the lining membrane of the heart
  • Myocardium - muscular layer of the heart
  • Visceral Pericardium or epicardium - thin covering and is applied to the outer surface of the muscular layer
• Pericardium

  Serous pericardium - Visceral layer is the outer covering of the heart, Parietal layer forms the lining of a sac that encloses the heart
• Fibrous pericardium


  A thick layer of fibrous connective tissue , form the outer layer of the pericardial sac
• Pericardial sac


  A bag with the heart within it, consisting of the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium
• Pericardial cavity


  A potential space between the inner surface :pericardial sac , visceral pericardium
• Four Chambers/Cavities of the Heart

  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
• Interventricular septum


  The partition between the right and left ventricles
• Left atrioventricular opening (ostium)


  The opening between the left atrium and left ventricle
• Right atrioventricular opening (ostium)


  The opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
• Auricles

  Two ear shaped pouches, one forming part of each atrium
• Conus arteriosus


  Prominent anterior part of the right ventricle where it opens into the pulmonary trunk
• Coronary sulcus


  A groove on the surface of the heart
• Interventricular sulci


  Anterior and posterior grooves where the ventricles meet each other anteriorly and posteriorly
• Openings of the Heart (Ostia)

  • 2 atrioventricular openings (left and right)
  • Pulmonary opening
  • Aortic opening
  • Opening of the inferior vena cava
  • Opening of the superior vena cava
  • 4 pulmonary veins (2 right and 2 left)
  • Opening of the coronary sulcus
• Valves of the Heart

  • (mitral or bicuspid valve)
  • (tricuspid valve)
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve
• Cardiac veins


  Drain blood from the cardiac capillaries
• Coronary sinus


  A large vein that lies in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus
• The heart has 4 chambers, 4 valves, and 11 openings
• Interatrial Septum

  • Interartrial Septum - Partition between right and left atria