SQL

• the method of organizing and retrieving files from a storage medium (hard drives, flash drives, CDs, etc.) It is used by personnel in any organization to track and monitor necessary data?

  File systems
• disadvantages of file systems are lengthy development times, report generation and query processing may be slow, system administrations is complex, security and data sharing may present problems, and programming systems may be too extensive
• refer to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a database environment  computerized systems whose overall purpose is to maintain information and make that information available on demand?

  Database systems
• a collection of both end-user data and metadata?

  Database
• is self-describing data that contains characteristics and relationships that link the data found within the database itself?

  metadata
• raw facts of interest relevant to the end-user using the database?

  end-user data
• identifies all the system’s physical devices. For example, the component of a database system is the computer and all other peripherals that control computer input and output?

  Hardware
• refers to the collection of programs used by the computers within the database?


  software
• refers to the program that manages the hardware components which makes all other software run on a computer?

  OS (Operating System) Software
• is the software that manages the database within the database system?

  DBMS software
• are mostly used to access and manipulate data in the DBMS, as well as manage the application environment (interfaces, menus, etc.) where data is accessed and manipulated?

  Application programs
• refers to the people who use the database under certain privileges?

  Peopleware
• who oversees the general operations of the database system?

  system administrator
• who manages the use and functionality of the system?

  Database Administrator
• who designs the structure of the database?

  database designers and architects
• design and implement the application programs?

  System analysts and programmers
• Uses the application programs and, in turn, the database system, for the daily operations of an organization?

  End users
• are the rules that govern the design and use of the database system by enforcing standards on how the business will be conducted within the organization. They are mostly used to ensure monitoring and audit of both the flow of data and how it is organized within the database to maintain integrity?

  Procedures
• represents the collection of information, their relations and characteristics, within the database system?

  Data
• define the logical design of data that can be stored, organized, and manipulated in a database system  provide a representation of the infrastructure offered by a particular database system?

  Database Models
• two categories of database models: conceptual model and implementation model
• it focuses on the logical nature of the data representation. It is concerned with what is represented in the database?

  Conceptual model
• it places emphasis on how the data are represented in the database or how the data structures are implemented to represent what is modeled?


  Implementation model
• Building blocks of database model which are Entities, Attributes, Relationships, and Constraints
• are anything about which data are to be collected and stored, such as a person, a place, a thing, or an event. It represents a particular kind of object in the real world that may either be a physical or conceptual object?

  entities
• are the defining and/or important characteristics of an entity. For example, an entity representing a student in real life may have attributes such as student number, student name, student address, and student contact number?

  attributes
• describe the association among entities (for example, a student-teacher relationship, where a student attends classes conducted by several teachers, and a teacher teaching several students)?

  Relationships
• Three relationships are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many
• are restrictions placed on the data in order to ensure data integrity. They are usually written in the form of rules. For example, passing students must have an average grade of 75%?

  Constraints
• is used to manage large amounts of data for complex manufacturing projects, and has a basic logical structure of an upside-down tree where parent entities can have several children and can be children of other parent entities?

  hierarchical database model
• was created to represent complex data relationships, improve database performance, and impose a database standard. It is very similar to the hierarchical model such that it also facilitates 1:* relationships. However, it also allows the child to have several parents?

  network model
• lt is a collection of relations visually represented by two dimensional (2) tables having distinct names. It functions similar to a spreadsheet table with rows called ? and columns called ?

  relational model, records, and fields
• yields a more graphical representation of entities and their attributes and relationships in a database structure via an entity-relationship diagram. This database model also introduced the three (3) types of relationships?

  Entity-Relationship Model (ER)
• stores both data and their relationships and attributes in a single structure known as an ?, composed mostly of a real-world equivalent, its attributes that describe the object’s properties, classes which categorize objects of a similar attribute or method, and inheritance which refers to the object’s abilities to inherit attributes and methods from parent classes above it?

  Object-oriented model, object
• part of the database system that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database. It can be a compiled collection of programs or a single program that contains all of the necessary functions?

  Database Management System(DBMS)